In an effort to improve the performance of jumpers, in recent decades, jumping techniques have been developed that should help the athlete make the best use of jumping force. There are several main methods of jumping.
Gymnastic jump
The gymnastic jump is the oldest and simplest type of jump used by gymnasts.
During the take-off, after running at a right angle, the bent swing leg crosses the bar.
In the flight phase, the pushing leg is pulled towards it so that both legs with their knees approach the chest. The jumper lands on both feet. Since the upper body is straight when jumping, the result is a very high curve over the bar.
"Scissors"
“Scissors” (“stepping”). For a long time this method of jumping was the most common. Like the gymnastic jump, it is one of the oldest methods of jumping. Due to its simplicity, it is still used today as an important means for developing jumping ability and agility. Due to the high position of the center of gravity of the body, the scissor jump does not provide high results.
After a run-up at an angle of 25-40º and a push, the swing leg, straightened at the knee, very quickly rises above the bar, rises up, suddenly slows down and quickly falls down. At the same time, the pushing leg is transferred over the bar. The upper part of the body is as close as possible to the pushing leg. Landing occurs on the swing leg.
"Wave"
“Wave” is a method of jumping, which was called the “Sweeney jump” or “East American” after its inventor. It is a further development of the scissor jump and has long been the most common style of high jump. Currently almost never used.
"Roll"
“Roll” is a type of jump, especially common before 1950. Its main difference is the push-off with the foot closest to the bar. The takeoff run is performed at an angle of approximately 45º. After pushing off, the almost straightened swing leg swings towards the bar, at the same time the torso turns towards the bar, and the pushing leg is pulled towards the chest.
The jumper crosses the bar sideways, stretched along it. Landing occurs on the pushing leg and both hands. Due to the horizontal position of the body above the bar, this method of jumping is quite rational. One of the variants of the “roll” is the “dive” jump. In this case, the upper part of the body, after rising above the bar, is the first to fall down behind the bar.
"Turn over"
“Roll over” is a method that represents a further development of “roll over”. Due to the greater rotation of the body, which allows the jumper to cross the bar in a belly-down position, the movements in flight differ from the “roll” movements, which allows us to talk about a new jumping technique.
Thanks to the convenient and relatively simple movement of the body over the bar, this method is becoming increasingly widespread. The take-off is performed at a sharper angle than during a roll jump, approximately at an angle of 25-40º. They push off with the foot closest to the bar. The swing leg rises up to the extended bar, the pushing leg remains hanging freely below for some time.
Then, together with the swing leg, the head, shoulders and arm are transferred through the bar. Following this, the push leg is transferred over the bar, which is extended upward from the outside, thereby moving away from the bar. The jumper lands on the push leg and one arm, mostly rolling then over the shoulders or pelvis.
Depending on the position of the torso in relation to the bar, two variants of the flip jump are distinguished - “parallel” and “dive”. In the parallel version, the body is almost extended parallel to the bar and rotates around the longitudinal axis, and when “diving,” the jumper rotates almost around the transverse axis at an acute angle to the bar with a strongly bent body. The swing leg and upper body cross the bar almost simultaneously. The disadvantage of the “dive” is the difficulty of transferring the pushing leg over the bar.
"Flop"
This jumping technique was first demonstrated by V. Fesbury in 1968 at the Olympic Games in Mexico City and quickly spread throughout the world. In the last five steps, the run-up is performed in an arc with a radius of 6 m for beginners, and up to 12 m for world-class jumpers. The jumper runs in a sprint style (running on his toes), as a result of which the body tilts slightly towards the center of the run-up arc, which entails a decrease center of gravity.
In the last steps, the run-up is performed at an angle of 30º relative to the bar. By brakingly placing the pushing leg on a mental curve (the toe is directed towards the racks in front of the kick), repulsion begins. In this phase, the body is still tilted away from the plank. During the push, the body straightens and begins to move towards the bar.
The movement of the bent swing leg is performed in the shortest possible way forward up to the shoulder. It is considered advantageous to swing with both hands, but alternate work of hands is also used. All this allows you to maintain the high horizontal speed achieved during the run-up and perform a powerful push. In the initial phase of the flight, the jumper first turns his back to the bar.
The hip of the swing leg straightens, and the pushing leg bends at the knee. In this position, the jumper approaches the bar in order to take a horizontal position, approximately at right angles above the bar.
To transition the bar economically, the jumper bends over it in the lumbar part (“bridge position”). When the pelvis is above the bar4, the jumper bends the body at the hip joints, while simultaneously straightening the legs at the knee joints and moving them over the bar. Landing occurs with your back on foam mats.
Hi all! Quite recently, after watching one of the top pop films (the name of which I don’t want to mention here), a very serious dispute ensued among friends about the plausibility of all this stage action, the essence of which came down solely to entertainment.
However, the situation itself was clearly not conducive even to the small-scale drama that the director dreamed of. On screen, a young guy who managed to overcome all the difficulties of adolescence, including ghettos, brothels, drugs and promiscuity, had an unusual gift... The gift of jumping high. Can you guess the movie?
Immediately, memories of 10th grade, missing physical education lessons and grades for small donations for the needs of the gym popped up in my head.
In any case, the athlete’s entire school career immediately flashed before his eyes. And then I partly began to think about the state of things regarding sports, motivation, the meaning of classes, and even remembered a school argument regarding why it was so difficult to catch a fly.
What does this strange discipline mean?!
In reality, any sport is an incredible effort that involves blood, sweat and tears. You can also think about entertaining pastimes during adolescence. Sports clubs are an excellent solution to avoid joining the company of informals or getting involved in alcohol.
Standing high jump - world record
Another moment caught my attention. Just recently the world standing high jump record was updated (2.45 meters - Javier Sotomayor (Cuba).
Off topic, but useful: Recently found cool sneakers for training on Aliexpress. Even with the rate going up, there are still interesting offers there.
In this case, “homo sapiens” automatically asks: "How", "Why", "For what"? Logically speaking, it turns out that there is such a sports discipline as high jumping. Why sports? It’s also very strange, but if it’s not macrame or baking, then standing high jumping is clearly more like some kind of sports competition.
Extending this idea, it is very interesting that if this is a sport, then it is worth preparing for it in some way: is it really multi-day training, jumping rope in the form of training, a daily training regimen... strange, isn’t it?
However, even if there is such a concept and sports discipline, how is it implemented in practice? Are there really brave guys, men and women who are ready to jump literally on the spot, just to make it even higher than before?
The results of such training can be seen here:
The next point is interest from the public and, in fact, sporting interest. Of course, it’s too early to think about the Olympic program, but if there are records, then there are people who jump at night in order to surpass their previous achievements or to humiliate, in the literal sense of the word, their opponent.
Thus, we can say that the problem of hunger, global warming or environmental issues is clearly lower in level than the standing high jump record... It was regarding this issue that my friends and I had a lively discussion: in a world where there is not enough food, water and oil becomes cheaper, some people are simply jumping on the spot. This is something like a car, which in a third-grade math problem moves two kilometers forward and one kilometer back. However, a democratic society does not prohibit these decisions, the main thing is that there is no war, and these young people do not harm anyone...
Running high jump is a type of athletics characterized by short-term muscular efforts of an “explosive” nature, which has many varieties (methods). The main ones are “step over”, “wave”, “roll”, “flip” and “Fosbury flop”.
The most effective jumping methods are the flip and Fosbury flop.
High jump technique
Regardless of the method used to clear the bar, the high jump consists of a run-up, take-off, crossing the bar and landing. The most effective jumping methods are the flip and Fosbury flop. Modern high jump technique is characterized by the effective use of high take-off speed, powerful repulsion, which has the character of a reactive swing push, and an economical transition of the bar with the lowest possible location of the athlete’s body center.
The run-up in high jumps is usually 7-9 running steps (11-14 w). The angle of takeoff in relation to the bar depends on the method of jumping. When “stepping” and “rolling” it is 35-45°, when “crossing” - 25-35° and when jumping “wave” - 75-90°. The take-off run in a jump using the “fosberiflop” method is performed along a curved line. Starting it at an angle of 65-75°, the athlete at the end of the run “runs” sideways towards the bar, reducing the angle to 25-30°.
The run-up can be performed from a standstill or from an approach, when the jumper takes several accelerating steps and then, hitting the mark with his foot, begins to run. One of the jumper’s tasks during the take-off run is to acquire the necessary horizontal speed, which should increase gradually, reaching 6.5-7.5 m/sec by the time of take-off.
The first half of the run is no different from normal accelerated running. The increase in speed occurs in parallel with an increase in the length of steps. In the second part of the run, the athlete prepares for take-off. To do this, the length of the last steps increases, and the center of gravity of the body decreases. The penultimate step in the run-up is the longest, the last one is shorter. Reducing the last step allows the athlete to quickly move the body onto the push leg, bring the pelvis forward and minimize the loss of take-off speed. V. M. Dyachkov provides for orientation the averaged data of the last three steps of the best Soviet jumpers: the 3rd step from the push is 215-220 cm, the penultimate one is 220-230 cm and the last one is 195-200 cm.
Success in take-off largely depends on the speed and rhythm of the run. The take-off speed increases the efficiency of the push, but it is limited by the level of development of the athlete’s speed-strength qualities and is strictly individual. The running rhythm has a number of options. However, any rhythm is characterized by a gradual increase in speed with accentuated acceleration at the end of the run. To mark the run, two marks are made: one at the beginning of the run and the other at the 3rd step from the take-off point.
Push. The push-off begins from the moment the pushing leg touches the ground. However, its effectiveness largely depends on the movements performed in the previous (penultimate) step with the swing leg.
At the moment of placing the swing leg on the support, the athlete gently bends it and moves the knee forward. Simultaneously with moving forward on a strongly bent fly leg and moving it from the heel to the forefoot, the torso assumes a vertical position, the pelvis is ahead of the axis of the shoulders, and the pushing leg is ahead of the line of the pelvis. The swing leg actively extends, changing the direction of movement of the body's central gravity forward and upward, and the arms are pulled back through the sides.
The pushing leg is placed on the support from the heel without any impact, almost straightened. After shock-absorbing flexion of the leg at the knee joint (up to 130°) and transition from the heel to the entire foot, its accelerated extension begins.
The action of pushing forces directed vertically is also facilitated by straightening the torso and swinging the free leg and arms upward. The swing leg can be bent or straightened. Good mobility in the hip joint allows you to perform a wide swing with an almost fully straightened leg, which can be considered a positive factor. By the time of lifting off the support, the pushing leg and torso are straightened, the swing leg is raised, the knee is at chest level.
Figure 32.
Flight. At first, the jumper maintains a vertical position for some time, somewhat delaying the rotation of the body along the main axes (longitudinal, transverse and anterior-posterior), which began during repulsion. At the same time, by relaxing the muscles, he prepares to perform the movements necessary to rationally cross the bar. The jumper's further actions depend on the jump method he has chosen.
Landing. The task of landing is to dampen the speed of rotation of the body along one or another axis, acquired during repulsion and crossing the bar. The athlete needs to land softly without any injury or pain. The nature of the landing is determined by the method of jumping and can be performed on the swing or push leg, on the leg and arm, on the arms, followed by a roll over the shoulder onto the back. The presence of a high cushion made of synthetic materials allows you to land directly on your back.
Stepping over method(Fig. 32) is the simplest, but the least effective. The run-up is performed at an angle of 35-45°, and the take-off is 60-80 cm from the edge of the pit with the foot farthest from the bar. The take-off is performed sideways to the bar, the fly leg is parallel to the bar, and the push leg is freely lowered down. Following this, at the highest point of takeoff, the actual “stepping” occurs, when the fly leg goes down, and the push leg rises up with an outward turn. As a result of these movements, the torso turns towards the bar and the push leg, leans towards the run, and the pelvis quickly passes over the bar. At the same time, the arms are lowered down and slightly spread to the sides. The pushing leg is transferred over the bar, and the landing occurs sideways to the bar on the swing leg.
Wave method(Fig. 33) received its name in connection with the sequential, wave-like transfer of individual parts of the body through the bar. When jumping using this method, the run-up is performed at a right angle to the bar or at an angle of 75-90°.
The take-off point is 120-150 cm from the edge of the pit. The movements of a jumper in flight are characterized by their speed and relatively complex coordination. When, after pushing off and taking off, the foot and shin of the swing leg rise above the bar, the athlete actively lowers his leg down, turning his toe inward. At the same time, the jumper turns his torso towards the pushing leg and tilts it down (chest towards the bar). The pushing leg is pulled up and out. As a result, the jumper’s body takes on an arched position when the pelvis is at its highest point. At the same time, the arms are lowered down or spread to the sides and back.
Figure 33.
Following this, the pushing leg is transferred over the bar and lowered down. The swing leg is pulled back, which allows you to overcome the bar without knocking it down with your chest or arms. These compensatory movements of individual parts of the body are wave-like in nature - the jumper seems to flow around the bar, transferring through it first the swing leg, then the pelvis, the pushing leg and, finally, the upper body and arms. Landing occurs on the push leg (chest to the bar).
An intermediate method of jumping between “stepping” and “wave” – “half wave” – has become somewhat widespread among women. In such a jump, the run-up is performed at an angle of 50-70°, and the movement over the bar resembles a wave, but without the second part of the jump (lowering the pushing leg down).
The "roll" method(Fig. 34). The takeoff run is performed at an angle of 35-45° from the side of the pushing leg. The jumper pushes off 80-100 cm from the projection of the bar with the leg closest to it. The run-up, preparation for the push and repulsion are performed in the same way as in the “change-over”. Having completed the swing, the jumper leans towards the bar. When the swing leg and arms are above the bar, he pulls the push leg under the swing leg hip and ends up in a horizontal position with his side to the bar.
Figure 34.
During the takeoff process, the jumper leans towards the bar. When the swing leg and arms rise above the bar, the pushing leg, bending, is pulled to the chest by the knee. The swing leg is extended along the bar, and the jumper appears to be lying on his side with the pushing leg bent and the pelvis raised high. Continuing the rotational movement along the longitudinal axis, the athlete lowers the swing leg, arms and upper body behind the bar and then, turning his chest towards the pit, lands on the pushing leg and arms.
In the practice of jumping using the “roll” method, there are 3 options for crossing the bar depending on the position of the body at the highest point of the jump: sideways, backside and dive. With the latter option, the athlete seems to dive behind the bar, quickly bending the body at the hip joints and lowering the swing leg and torso behind the bar. This option is the most effective, as it provides the pelvic lift necessary to cross the bar.
The “change-over” method (Fig. 28) is the most effective. The run-up is performed at an angle of 25-35° to the bar from the side of the pushing leg. The place of the shock is 60-90 cm from the near edge of the pit. In this method of jumping, the swinging movement of the free leg in combination with the push is of paramount importance. Drawing along the right side of the pelvis, the movement of the free leg contributes to the rotation of the jumper’s body along the longitudinal axis towards the bar. The swing leg can be bent or straightened. A quick swing of the arms increases the effectiveness of the push-off. The jumper's body, which was initially held vertically, gradually takes on a horizontal position and turns toward the bar with its chest. Hands also play a prominent role in this rotation. The right hand (if the pushing leg is the left) moves more energetically and with greater amplitude. Following this, the athlete moves his right hand over the bar, also lowering his shoulder and head behind it.
To enhance longitudinal rotation, the swing leg is extended along the bar, and the pushing leg is pulled towards the body. When the swing leg is behind the bar with the toe down, the jumper turns the pelvis along the longitudinal axis and at the same time moves the bent pushing leg with the knee to the side and up, as if “rolling” over the bar. “Escape” from the bar is facilitated by diving with the head and upper body behind the bar in the longitudinal direction. An option is possible in which the pushing leg, at the moment of lowering the body behind the bar, gradually straightens the foot upward. However, this method is less effective, since it does not sufficiently enhance the torque.
Figure 35.
Landing in a flip jump is complicated by the body’s continued rotation along the longitudinal and transverse axes after overcoming the bar. Therefore, the athlete must slow down the speed of this rotation and try to land softly on his hands and swing leg, rolling over his shoulder and right side.
Fosbury flop method(Fig. 36). The undeniable advantage of this method is the possibility of using horizontal speed more to vertically lift the body than in jumping by other methods. The athlete is not required to undergo a complex coordination of movements from run-up to push, take-off and crossing the bar. The run-up in this method is performed in an arc (with a run) and begins at an angle of 65-75° to the bar. In terms of technique and rhythm, it resembles the run-up of a long jump. In the last steps (during the transition to the push), there is no lowering of the body’s center of gravity and no squatting on the swing leg. This allows the jumper to maintain greater horizontal speed. The push is performed almost sideways to the bar with the leg farthest from the bar slightly forward. In this regard, repulsion occurs with greater speed, which is facilitated by a short sharp swing of the free leg strongly bent at the knee.
Figure 36.
The torque obtained during the arc-shaped takeoff and push allows the jumper to turn his back to the bar during takeoff. Following this, he seems to lie with his back on the bar, bending over it at the waist. As soon as the pelvis is above the bar, the jumper bends the body at the hip joints, while simultaneously straightening the legs at the knee joints and, as it were, pulling them towards him. Landing occurs on the rounded back, and sometimes on the occipital region, which necessitates special equipment for the landing site.
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High jump is one of the most ancient and natural forms of athletics. Athletics in general is very organic and harmonious: running, jumping, throwing heavy objects were known to the first people on the planet.
In order to overcome the height, you need to raise the center of gravity of the body above the bar. Or as close to the bar as possible. The center of gravity of any person’s body is located just below the navel, in the area of the second sacral vertebra. Or just above this vertebra. For women it is slightly lower. Depending on the structure of this body. ( Center of gravity- this, as is known, is the point relative to which the total moment of gravity acting on the system is equal to zero). Some people have a much lower center of gravity, but as a rule they do not jump high. And they hardly jump at all.
So, the entire century and a half history of high jumps is essentially a search for the most effective options for transferring the center of gravity of the body above the level of the bar. If we leave aside the entertainment of the German burghers of the early 19th century in the form of jumping over a stick with two feet first, the whole evolution fits into five terms:
scissors - wave - roll - flip - flop.
Scissor jumps were performed at the first Olympic Games in 1896.
And Olympic champion 1908. also jumped with scissors:
Olympic champion 1908 Gary Porter(USA) and his jump of 1 m 90.5 cm
However, primitive scissors gradually evolved, and at the beginning of the century a “wave” appeared.
True, women continued to scissor jump, for example, the 1928 Olympic champion (159 cm) Canadian Ethel Catherwood:
The author of the “wave” is George Horine, the first in the world to overcome 2 meters. At the 1912 Games he won a bronze medal. In fact, this style is named after him. Khorain crossed the bar sideways, running towards it at a right angle.
George Horine, bronze medalist at the 1912 Games
The most prominent representative, or rather, the representative of the “horaina” is an outstanding Romanian jumper Yolanda Balazs, Olympic champion 1960 and 1964:
She jumped with this style when everyone in the world had long since switched to the “crossover” style, and her world record (191 cm) lasted almost 10 years.
The development of high jump technique was hampered by the rule according to which it was necessary to cross the bar first with the legs, and only then with the rest of the body. This rule was repealed in 1925, and in the 1930s. the “roll” style appeared. The athlete runs up to the bar at an angle from the side of the push leg, pushes off, crosses the bar and lands on the push leg.
In the late 40s and early 50s, most Soviet high jumpers jumped with this style and could not overcome 2 meters. Meanwhile, the strongest jumpers in the world have long and successfully mastered the “changeover” style. Back in 1941, jumping “switch” (or “straddle”), the American Steers took 211 cm, setting a world record. The difference between “changeover” and “rollover” is as follows. The run-up is the same as during a “roll”, but the athlete pushes off with the leg closest to the bar and lands on the swing leg. Passing over the bar successively with a swing leg and then a push leg, with a bent body position and a deep “dive” with your head down behind the bar, lowers the center of gravity (center of mass of the body) below the level of the bar. Compared to “scissors” this gives an advantage of almost half a meter.
The development of the Soviet high jump school is inextricably linked with the name of Professor Vladimir Dyachkov. A former excellent athlete himself, a multiple champion of the USSR, Dyachkov developed a “flip” teaching method and began to “introduce it to the masses.” If the bronze medalist of Melbourne 1956 Igor Kashkarov was still jumping, then already in 1957 Yuri Stepanov set a world record - 216 cm. The Americans did not believe the record, the IAAF did not want to recognize it for a long time - they say that Stepanov almost has springs in his sneakers .
However, the record was still ratified, and then the era of Soviet high-altitude climbers began. It began with the Games in Rome, when Robert Shavlakadze, who retrained from a roll to a crossover, won the Olympic champion title with a result of 216 cm, ahead of 18-year-old Valery Brumel in his attempts.
World record holder American John Thomas remained third (214 cm), again ahead of the third Soviet jumper Viktor Bolshov in his attempts.
And then a series of victories and records began Valery Brumel.
Pay attention to the number of viewers. Everyone went “to Brumel.”
It seemed that everything in the jumping world was calm. The basic characteristics of a high jumper, training methods have been worked out...
Until 1968, the high jump evolved: straight-body scissors, wave, roll and crossover with an inclination, facing the bar. In 1968 there was revolution: Dick Fosbury, running towards the bar at a right angle, he crossed it with his back and landed on his back.
To Mexico City Richard Fosbury took 224 cm and became an Olympic champion. The world has been gripped by a “flop epidemic.” And only our sports leaders were skeptical about the new style. The same Dyachkov called the flop almost a circus and stated that it was suitable only for its author. However, the world record of another American, Patrick Matzdorf, proved that the flop has no less right to exist than the flip flop. For some time, supporters of both styles competed on equal terms. So, in 1972, gold in Munich was won by the “changeover” Jüri Tarmak. However, our jumpers also successfully mastered the flop.
The last “king of the flip” was a fantastically talented and quickly burned out Vladimir Yashchenko- 235 cm.
Today the flop was a total win. It allows jumpers with completely different physical parameters to achieve outstanding results. For example,
Andrey Silnov, Beijing Olympic champion, typical high-altitude climber,
Ivan Ukhov, London Olympic champion, more like a shot putter
And again everything is calm on the jumping horizon: flop and only flop.
This season, it’s not just a few, like Igor Paklin or Javier Sotomayor, who have reached the 240 cm mark, but a whole group of brilliant jumpers: Ivan Ukhov, Derek Druin, Murtaz Barshim, Bogdan Bondarenko, and several more are on the way.
Diamond league stage. Doha 2014
However, the stage in New York created a real sensation. For the first time in the history of athletics, an athlete who cleared 242 cm took second place! It turned out to be Murtaz Barshim, who lost to Bogdan Bondarenko in attempts.
Murtaz Barshim and Bogdan Bondarenko
Today the flop looks like a completely organic high jump style. It seems that it is simply impossible to jump any other way.
And yet it's interesting How will they jump after the flop?