Medical supervision during classes. Control and self-control during physical education - abstract

Constant physical education and sports places increased demands on the human body and has strong, complex and diverse effects on it. In order for the impact of a training exercise to be correct, classes must be organized correctly, in compliance with the principles of sports training, under the supervision of a trainer-teacher and a doctor. At the same time, improper organization of classes, non-compliance with methodological principles of planning, volume and intensity of training load, lack of taking into account the state of the body and medical observations, as well as regular medical examinations can cause harm to the body.

To avoid this, medical supervision is carried out in sections of children's sports schools and in national teams. Medical control is a branch of medicine and an integral part of the physical education system; it allows timely detection of violations in the state of health, physical development and readiness of those involved in training loads . Forms of medical control are regular medical examinations, medical examinations, medical - pedagogical observations, medical support and services at competitions, as well as measures to prevent sports injuries and health education activities.

Medical and physical education clinics have long become centers for the rehabilitation of athletes of national teams, as well as medical support, medical and pedagogical supervision and monitoring of the condition of athletes.

In a university setting, it is very important to conduct regular medical examinations, as well as regular medical and pedagogical observations in order to prevent sports injuries and illness among athletes and athletes. According to the Regulations on those engaged in physical exercise, students must undergo a medical examination. These examinations are divided into primary and repeated.

An initial examination is required before students begin classes in the 1st year.

Repeated - for all students involved in sports. 2-4 times (depending on the sport). Repeated examinations are needed by athletes and coaches as a source of information for building the educational and training process, identifying violations and changes in the body of those involved.

As part of medical supervision, there are also additional medical examinations that are carried out before each competition in order to find out any contraindications at the time of competition and to obtain information about the readiness of the athlete’s body for competitions.

Participants in the marathon (42 km), ski marathon 50 and 100 km, multi-day cycling tours, long-distance swims undergo a medical examination before the start.

Defensive ball handling technique.

One of the main groups of defensive techniques - ball possession techniques - has the following sections:

Receiving the ball

Blocking

Receiving the ball

After serving and attacking blows from the opponent, you can receive the ball in various ways - from above or below with two hands, with one hand.

When receiving the ball from above with both hands, the hands are more bent than when passing the ball overhead and are at face level. The fingers are tense. This technique is used by athletes of higher qualifications and athletic preparedness. Beginner volleyball players may experience hand injuries. Depending on the conditions, the ball from above with both hands is performed in a standing position and in a fall.

Reception of the ball from below with two hands began to be used due to increased power

serves and offensive strikes.

Receiving the ball from below with both hands. Balls flying at waist level (or below the waist) are usually received from below with both hands. In this case, the hands are joined together and brought forward. As the ball approaches, the player straightens his legs and lifts his torso slightly up and forward. The ball is hit with the forearms, then the arms are moved forward and upward by straightening the torso and straightening the legs (Fig. 9).

Receiving the ball from below with one hand. Balls flying far from the player are received with one hand, after the player has previously moved. The striking movement is performed with a tense hand. Of great importance for a successful game in defense is receiving the ball from below with one hand, falling forward or to the side, followed by sliding on the chest and stomach. When performing a lunge forward and then a kick, the player sends his torso down and forward, with his arms slightly pulled back for the upcoming swing movement. Simultaneously with the push, the leg located behind is lifted upward with a swinging movement, the player’s torso moves forward and upward, and the angle of its inclination to the horizontal increases. The ball is struck in flight with the back of the hand or fist. After hitting the ball, the player extends his arms forward and spreads them to the sides slightly wider than his shoulders. When landing on your hands, shock absorption is carried out mainly by the yielding movement of the upper limb belt. The torso bends at the lower back, dropping down and forward until the chest and abdomen touch the platform. Landing is accompanied by a sliding of the body along the platform, while the chin is tilted slightly back.

Receiving the ball from below with one hand while falling and performing a somersault over the shoulder after hitting the ball is very effective.

Common mistakes:

1. The player receives the ball with technical errors (the ball rolls over his hands, stops, etc.). Reasons: incorrect exit of the player to the meeting place with the ball; incorrect placement of hands when receiving the ball; lack of visual control when hitting the ball.

2. The player cannot accurately direct the ball to his partner. Reasons: too sudden movement of the hands when hitting the ball; arms are not extended in the direction of ball movement; incorrect choice of stance when receiving the ball.

Ways to eliminate mistakes: practice the correct approach to the ball so that it falls on your forward knee; pay attention to the quick straightening of the legs and the relatively slow movement of the hands when passing; practice stretching your arms after a pass in the direction of the ball; Make sure you have the correct stance.

Blocking

Blocking in volleyball is the team's main means of defending against strong offensive attacks.

Blocking can be performed by one, two or three players.

The classification of blocking is given in the diagram:

Blocking technique:

Having determined the direction and height of the ball for an attacking shot, the player moves to the intended meeting place with the ball with side steps, a jump or a slow run. At the same time, his legs are slightly bent at the knees, and his arms are slightly bent at the elbow joints, his hands are at the level of his head. Before blocking, the player bends his legs more strongly at the knee and ankle joints, his legs are shoulder-width apart, and the forearms of his bent arms are raised slightly above his head. When blocking attacking shots performed after regular passes, the player pushes away from the support at the moment when the attacker is in an unsupported position. Having determined the actions of the attacker, the blocker pushes off from the support, while the movement begins with his arms and then with his legs. By sharply extending the legs, straightening the body and energetically waving the arms, the player assumes a vertical position.

The hands are raised above the net so that the forearms have a slight slope in relation to the net, the fingers are spread slightly less than the diameter of the ball and are optimally tense. As the ball approaches, the hands move forward and upward towards the opponent. At the same time, the hands are bent at the wrist joints and the fingers move forward and down. After blocking, the player lands on bent legs (Fig. 1).

The movements described above relate to the technique of performing a stationary block. Movable blocking is similar to fixed blocking. If for stationary blocking the hands are placed above the net in order to cover a certain area of ​​the court, then for moving blocking the player moves his hands to the right or left, depending on the direction of the attacking blow. If shots are blocked from the edges of the net, the palm of the hand closest to the edge turns inward so that when the block is hit, the ball bounces into the opponent's court.

The technique for blocking attacking blows performed after various passes is almost similar to that described above. The exception is the moment of repulsion from the support, which corresponds to the beginning of the unsupported phase of the attacker.

Common mistakes:

1. The player does not have time to place a block. Reasons: untimely movement to the place of blocking, incorrect choice of place, jumping forward or to the side, the blocker jumps before the attacker.

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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Siberian State Automobile and Highway Academy (SibADI)"

Department of Physical Education

Test

MEDICAL CONTROL DURING PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Completed by: 1st year student of distance learning

groups ATB-15z2

Timofeev K.I.

physical medical pedagogical student

1. Diagnostics and self-diagnosis of the body’s condition during regular exercise and sports

2. Medical supervision

3. System for organizing medical supervision. Contents of the survey. Medical examination methods

4. Pedagogical control

5. Self-control, its main methods, indicators, criteria and assessments, self-control diary

6. Use of methods, standards, anthropometric indices, exercise tests to assess the physical condition of the body and physical fitness

List of used literature

1. Diagnostics and self-diagnosis of the body’s condition during regular exercise and sports

Before you start exercising on your own, you need to get recommendations on your physical mobility regimen from your local doctor or the regional physical education clinic. Then, using the advice of doctors or physical education specialists (or popular methodological literature), choose the most useful types of exercises for yourself. You should exercise regularly, trying not to miss a single day. At the same time, it is necessary to systematically monitor your well-being, noting all the changes that occur in the body before and after physical exercise. To do this, diagnostics or, if possible, self-diagnosis are carried out. During its implementation, objective indicators of self-control are carefully recorded: heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, weight, anthropometric data. Diagnostics is also used to determine the training level of the student. The reaction of the cardiovascular system is assessed by measuring the heart rate (pulse), which at rest in an adult man is 70-75 beats per minute, in a woman - 75-80. In physically trained people, the pulse rate is much lower - 60 or less beats per minute, and in trained athletes - 40-50 beats, which indicates the economical work of the heart. At rest, the heart rate depends on age, gender, posture (vertical or horizontal body position), and activity performed. It decreases with age. The normal pulse of a healthy person at rest is rhythmic, without interruptions, good filling and tension. The pulse is considered rhythmic if the number of beats in 10 seconds does not differ by more than one beat from the previous count for the same period of time. Marked fluctuations in the number of heartbeats indicate arrhythmia. The pulse can be counted in the radial, temporal, carotid arteries, and in the region of the heart. Exertion, even a small one, causes your heart rate to increase. Scientific research has established a direct relationship between heart rate and the amount of physical activity. At the same heart rate, oxygen consumption in men is higher than in women, and in physically fit people it is also higher than in people with low physical mobility. After physical exertion, the pulse of a healthy person returns to its original state after 5-10 minutes; a slow recovery of the pulse indicates excessive exercise. During physical activity, the increased work of the heart is aimed at providing the working parts of the body with oxygen and nutrients. Under the influence of stress, the volume of the heart increases. Thus, the volume of the heart of an untrained person is 600-900 ml, and in high-class athletes it reaches 900-1400 milliliters; After stopping training, heart volume gradually decreases. There are many functional tests, criteria, exercise tests that are used to diagnose the state of the body during physical activity. We'll look at them below.

2. Medical supervision

The Regulations on medical control over the physical education of the population define the following main forms of work on medical control: 1. Medical examinations of all persons involved in physical education and sports. 2. Medical and pedagogical supervision during educational and training sessions and competitions. 3. Dispensary services for individual groups of athletes. 4. Medical and sanitary support for industrial gymnastics. 5. Medical and sanitary support for competitions. 6. Prevention of sports injuries. 7. Preventive and ongoing sanitary supervision of the places and conditions for physical education classes and competitions. 8. Medical consultation on issues of physical education and sports. 9. Health education work with those involved in physical education and sports. 10. Agitation and promotion of physical culture and sports among the population.

3. System for organizing medical supervision. Contents of the survey. Medical examination methods

Medical control over physical education is provided by the entire network of medical and preventive institutions of the health care system under the methodological and organizational guidance of medical and physical education dispensaries. Together with organizations providing physical education, medical and physical education dispensaries plan all activities for medical control on a territorial and production basis.

There is a procedure for medical examinations of those involved in physical education and sports: - preschool children in nurseries and kindergartens, engaged in special physical education programs, are under medical supervision in children's clinics and consultations; - students of general education schools, secondary specialized educational institutions, vocational schools and other educational institutions, university students enrolled in state physical education programs undergo medical examinations from doctors serving these educational institutions; - those involved in sports sections of physical education groups, voluntary sports societies and sports clubs, institutions, schools, secondary special and higher educational institutions are sent for medical examinations to medical institutions on a territorial and production basis: local and district hospitals, city, regional, regional united hospitals and clinics, health centers and sanitary units of enterprises and institutions. A physical education teacher, coach, methodologist, instructor take an active part in organizing all forms of medical supervision. The teacher, together with the head of the medical institution or the doctor assigned for examination, draws up a plan and schedule for students to undergo medical examinations, taking into account the contingent (students, members of FC teams, sports sections, involved in sports schools, competition participants, members of national teams in various sports) . The teacher informs students about the timing of medical examinations and checks their attendance.

The main purpose of medical examinations is to determine and assess the health status, physical development and physical fitness of the subjects. The data obtained allows the doctor to recommend the types of physical exercises, the amount of load and the method of application in accordance with the condition of the body. In the normal state of a person, all his organs and systems function most correctly, in accordance with living conditions. The activities of all bodies are interconnected, coordinated and represent a single complex process. The entire body as a whole expediently and effectively adapts to changing conditions, strengthening the activity regime, and is distinguished by a high level of capacity, including physical performance. All of these features characterize the state of health as the optimal level of vital activity of the body and adaptability to changes in the environment and load, as well as resistance to various influences. During a medical examination, by determining and assessing the state of health and level of physical development, the doctor thereby identifies the level of physical fitness. By determining during the initial examination the state of health, physical development and readiness before the start of classes, the doctor decides whether the subject can be admitted to classes, which ones, with what load, etc.

Conducting repeated examinations, he monitors changes in health, physical development and preparedness for the correctness and effectiveness of physical education. Monitoring the condition of the subject to take into account the influence of physical exercise. Additional examinations after illnesses and injuries help to check the progress of health restoration, after overwork or overtraining - the progress of restoration of adaptive mechanisms, level of performance, etc. As a result of the examination, a conclusion on the state of health is drawn up, including instructions on the permissible load and other information.

1. Questioning is used to determine health status. It makes it possible to collect information about the athlete’s medical and sports biography and find out about his current complaints.

2. The examination allows, based on the sum of visual impressions, to obtain a general idea of ​​physical development, identify some signs of possible injuries and diseases, evaluate the behavior of the subject, etc.

3. Palpation is based on obtaining tactile sensations about the shape, volume of the parts of the body or tissue being examined. This method determines the physical properties, size, surface features, density, mobility, sensitivity, and so on.

4. Listening to the lungs and heart helps to conduct research by capturing sound phenomena that occur during the functioning of organs.

4 . Pedagogical control

Pedagogical activities at the university place high demands on teachers of all job categories of the Department of Physical Education. Direct pedagogical activity requires from the teacher not only deep knowledge of his subject, but also a certain system and sequence of actions. The main feature of physical education teachers is the specificity of their work. The object of the teacher’s activity is the student’s personality. The pedagogical activity of a teacher consists of certain elements that together form a unique psychological structure.

And, undoubtedly, each student must: systematically attend physical education classes (theoretical and practical) on the days and times stipulated by the academic schedule; undergo a medical examination in a timely manner, exercise self-monitoring of the state of health and physical development, sports readiness; actively acquire knowledge on the basics of the theory and methodology of physical education, using the relevant literature; maintain a rational regime of study, rest and nutrition; perform physical exercises independently, regularly engage in morning and industrial exercises, sports and tourism, observe the necessary weekly motor regimen, using the advice of a teacher; actively participate in mass recreational physical education and sports events in the study group and at the interuniversity level. The success of teaching also depends on the type of contact between teachers and students. When working with students, the teacher must be able to clearly and competently express his thoughts, carefully observe the study group, feel it and find a common language with it, correctly use visual aids and illustrate the material. For successful work, each teacher must: thoroughly know the material of the taught discipline in the scope of the program requirements, as well as the basic principles of pedagogy and psychology of higher education; master the methodology for preparing and conducting relevant types of practical training; clearly, clearly and competently express your thoughts; have an idea of ​​the content and volume of material taught in related disciplines, and the place of physical education in the general system of specialist training; introduce scientific work and possess the amount of practical skills necessary for a specialist to conduct an academic discipline; know the current level of science and current literature in the scope of practical training; present general developments and trends in physical education and sports; conduct consultations within the course of practical training.

The goal of physical education at a university is the formation of a student’s physical culture as a systemic and integrative quality of the student’s personality, an integral component of the general culture of a future specialist, capable of realizing it in educational, social and professional activities and in the family. The physical culture course provides for the solution of the following tasks: inclusion of the student in real physical and sports practice for the creative development of physical culture, its active use in the comprehensive development of the individual; promoting the diversified development of the body, maintaining and strengthening health, increasing the level of sociability, physical fitness, developing professionally important physical qualities and psychomotor abilities of future specialists; mastery of a systematically ordered body of knowledge covering philosophical, social, natural science and psychological-pedagogical topics. developing students’ needs for physical self-improvement and maintaining a high level of health through the conscious use of all organizational and methodological forms of physical education and sports activities; developing skills for independently organizing leisure time using physical education and sports; mastering the basics of family physical education and household physical education. Physical education in higher educational institutions is carried out throughout the entire period of theoretical training and is carried out in the following forms: Training classes: compulsory classes (practical, theoretical, consultations), which are provided for in the curricula for all specialties in the amount of four hours per week and are included in the curriculum schedule during the entire period of study in excess of the established pedagogical volume of the teaching load; advisory and methodological classes aimed at providing students with methodological and practical assistance in organizing and conducting independent physical education classes; individual lessons for students who have poor physical fitness or are lagging behind in mastering educational material, which are organized according to a special schedule of the department during the academic year, holidays, and during practical training; Extracurricular activities: physical exercises during the school day (small forms of independent studies in the form of “minute of vivacity” complexes and the like); classes in sections, informal groups and clubs for physical interests; mass recreational, physical education and sports events. The integrated use of all forms of physical education should ensure the inclusion of physical education in the lifestyle of students and the achievement of an optimal level of physical activity.

5. Self-control, its main methods, indicators, criteriaand assessments, self-control diary

When engaging in regular exercise and sports, it is very important to systematically monitor your well-being and general health. The most convenient form of self-control is keeping a special diary. Indicators of self-control can be divided into two groups - subjective and objective. Subjective indicators include well-being, sleep, appetite, mental and physical performance, positive and negative emotions. The state of health after physical exercise should be cheerful, the mood should be good, the practitioner should not feel a headache, fatigue or a feeling of overwork. If you experience severe discomfort, you should stop exercising and seek advice from specialists. As a rule, with systematic physical exercise, sleep is good, with falling asleep quickly and feeling cheerful after sleep. The loads used must correspond to physical fitness and age. Appetite after moderate physical activity should also be good. It is not recommended to eat immediately after class; it is better to wait 30-60 minutes. To quench your thirst, drink a glass of mineral water or tea. If your health, sleep, or appetite worsen, it is necessary to reduce the load, and if the disturbances occur again, consult a doctor.

The self-monitoring diary is used to record independent physical education and sports activities, as well as to record anthropometric changes, indicators, functional tests and control tests of physical fitness, and monitor the implementation of the weekly motor regimen. Regular keeping of a diary makes it possible to determine the effectiveness of classes, means and methods, optimal planning of the amount and intensity of physical activity and rest in a separate lesson. The diary should also note cases of violation of the regime and how they affect classes and overall performance. Objective indicators of self-control include: monitoring heart rate (pulse), blood pressure, respiration, vital capacity of the lungs, weight, muscle strength, and sports results. It is generally accepted that a reliable indicator of fitness is the pulse. The heart rate response to physical activity can be assessed by comparing heart rate data at rest (before exercise) and after exercise, i.e. determine the percentage of heart rate increase. The resting pulse rate is taken as 100%, the difference in frequency before and after the load is X. For example, the pulse before the start of the load was 12 beats in 10 seconds, and after it was 20 beats. After some simple calculations, we find out that the heart rate has increased by 67%. But it’s not just the pulse that you should pay attention to. It is advisable, if possible, to also measure blood pressure before and after exercise. At the beginning of the loads, the maximum pressure increases, then stabilizes at a certain level. After stopping work (the first 10-15 minutes), it decreases below the initial level, and then returns to its initial state. The minimum pressure does not change during light or moderate loads, but during intense, heavy work it increases slightly. It is known that the values ​​of pulse and minimum blood pressure are normally numerically the same. Kerdo proposed calculating the index using the formula IR=D/P, where D is the minimum pressure and P is the pulse. In healthy people this index is close to one. When the nervous regulation of the cardiovascular system is disrupted, it becomes larger or smaller than one.

It is also very important to assess respiratory function. It must be remembered that when performing physical activity, oxygen consumption by working muscles and the brain increases sharply, and therefore the function of the respiratory organs increases. By breathing frequency you can judge the amount of physical activity. Normally, the respiratory rate of an adult is 16-18 times per minute. An important indicator of respiratory function is the vital capacity of the lungs - the volume of air obtained during the maximum exhalation made after the maximum inhalation. Its value, measured in liters, depends on gender, age, body size and physical fitness. On average, for men it is 3.5-5 liters, for women 2.5-4 liters.

6. The use of methods, standards, anthropometric indices, exercise tests to assess the physical condition of the body and physical fitness

To assess the physical condition of the human body and its physical fitness, anthropometric indices, exercise tests, etc. are used. For example, the state of normal function of the cardiovascular system can be judged by the coefficient of economization of blood circulation, which reflects the emission of blood in 1 minute. It is calculated by the formula (BPmax - BPmin) * P, where blood pressure is blood pressure, P is pulse rate. In a healthy person, its value approaches 2600. An increase in this coefficient indicates difficulties in the functioning of the cardiovascular system. There are two tests to determine the state of the respiratory system: orthostatic and clipostatic. An orthostatic test is carried out like this. The exerciser lies on the couch for 5 minutes, then counts the heart rate. Normally, when moving from a lying position to a standing position, the heart rate increases by 10-12 beats per minute. It is believed that an increase in frequency up to 18 beats per minute is a satisfactory reaction, more than 20 is unsatisfactory.

This increase in heart rate indicates insufficient nervous regulation of the cardiovascular system. There is also one fairly simple method of self-control “using breathing” - the so-called Stange test (named after the Russian physician who introduced this method in 1913). Inhale, then exhale deeply, inhale again, hold your breath, using a stopwatch to record the time you hold your breath. As your training increases, the time you hold your breath increases. Well-trained people can hold their breath for 60-120 seconds. But if you have just trained, you will not be able to hold your breath for long. Of great importance in increasing performance in general and during physical activity in particular is the level of physical development, body weight, physical strength, coordination of movements, etc. When exercising, it is important to monitor your body weight. This is as necessary as monitoring your pulse or blood pressure. Body weight indicators are one of the signs of fitness. To determine normal body weight, various methods are used, the so-called height-weight indices. In practice, Broca's index is widely used. Normal body weight for people 155-156 centimeters tall is equal to the body length in cm, from which the number 100 is subtracted; at 165-175 - 105; and with a height of more than 175 cm - more than 110. You can also use the Ketle index. Body weight in grams is divided by height in centimeters. A normal weight is considered when there are 350-400 units per 1 cm of height in men, 325-375 in women. Weight change of up to 10% is regulated by physical exercise and restrictions on carbohydrate consumption. If you are overweight by more than 10%, you should create a strict diet in addition to physical activity. You can also study static stability in the Romberg position.

The test for body stability is carried out as follows: the athlete stands in the basic stance - the feet are shifted, the eyes are closed, the arms are extended forward, the fingers are spread (a more complicated version - the feet are on the same line, toe to heel). The stability time and the presence of hand tremors are determined. In trained people, the stability time increases as the functional state of the neuromuscular system improves. It is also necessary to systematically determine the flexibility of the spine. Physical exercise, especially with a load on the spine, improves blood circulation and nutrition of the intervertebral discs, which leads to spinal mobility and the prevention of osteochondrosis. Flexibility depends on the condition of the joints, the extensibility of ligaments and muscles, age, ambient temperature and time of day. A simple device with a moving bar is used to measure the flexibility of the spine. Regular physical exercise not only improves health and functional state, but also increases performance and emotional tone. However, it should be remembered that independent physical education cannot be carried out without medical supervision, and, more importantly, self-control.

List of used literature

1. Gotovtsev P. I., Dubrovsky V. L. Self-control during physical education.

2. Sinyakov A.F. Self-control of an athlete.

3. Vydrin V. M., Zykov B. K., Lotonenko A. V. Physical culture of university students.

4. Demin D. F. Medical control during physical exercise classes.

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14.1. MEDICAL CONTROL OF YOUNG ATHLETES

Medical monitoring of young athletes has features determined by both the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the body and the impact of sports on it. The body of young athletes develops in accordance with the same patterns as that of their peers who do not go in for sports, but as a result of systematic physical exercise, it acquires a number of distinctive properties: its performance, level of functional capabilities and fitness are higher.

The age-related formation of morphological characteristics, functional parameters and motor functions occurs in the body of young athletes unevenly and in waves. Periods of enhanced growth, combined with significant activity of energy and metabolic processes, are followed by periods of slow growth, accompanied by the greatest accumulation of body weight and the predominance of differentiation processes. This uneven development is due to genetic and environmental factors.

At certain stages of development of children of primary school age, the strength and mobility of nervous processes increase, internal inhibition increases, as a result of which the interaction of the processes of excitation and inhibition is characterized by greater balance than in preschool children.

At this age, the ability to master technically complex forms of movements is acquired. This is due to the fact that at the age of 7-8 years, higher nervous activity already reaches a fairly high degree of development. Along with the ability to develop complex differentiations, weak stability is noted

to the influence of external agents. Children have difficulty isolating individual movements that are part of a motor act, which do not arouse their interest, lose their practical value and quickly tire. Only short-term speed-strength exercises are well tolerated. Only at 7-8 years old does the formation of symmetrical coordination of movements begin. At the age of 7 to 10 years, the morphological characteristics of the musculoskeletal system (high elasticity of ligaments and muscles, greater mobility of the spine) create favorable preconditions for developing flexibility and dexterity. This is facilitated by the plasticity of the central nervous system and the intensive development of motor analyzers. Training has a clear impact on the dynamics of such functional indicators of physical development as vital capacity of the lungs, strength indicators and the ratio of muscle and fat mass of the body.

Adolescence coincides with the pubertal growth spurt and physical development. The beginning of this process occurs in girls at 11-12 years old, and in boys - at 13-14 years old. In the process of puberty, 3 phases are distinguished: prepubertal, partially represented by changes characteristic of the previous period, pubertal itself, which is expressed in increased sexual development and the external manifestation of its signs, and postpubertal, associated with the completion of puberty and continuing into high school age. In young athletes, the dynamics of changes in such basic indicators of physical development as height, body weight, and chest circumference are more dependent on the natural process of age-related development than on the impact of training.

During adolescence, morphological and functional prerequisites are created for mastering almost any type of movement. However, even with sufficient physical development, some adolescents may experience a delay in the maturation of individual physiological systems as an individual feature. It is quite obvious that the higher the degree of puberty and the associated higher level of development of functional systems at a given age, the higher, other things being equal, will be the higher the physical performance of children. This must be taken into account when they perform training and competitive loads.

Economization of vegetative and other body functions in a state of muscular rest is one of the most typical signs of fitness in both adults and young athletes. This ensures the most economical mode of metabolic processes at rest and a high level of performance during physical activity. However, due to the increased reactivity of the body in young athletes under 14 years of age, only a more or less pronounced tendency towards economization of functions is determined. In athletes of primary school age, significant but less pronounced changes are observed than in adolescents and young men, not only due to the still low reactivity of their body, but also due to the fact that children, with increasing fatigue, unconsciously reduce the intensity of the load, without having the opportunity to overcome this condition. Older children, due to volitional effort and greater resistance of the body to changes associated with fatigue, sometimes continue to perform the load to the limit of their capabilities.

Due to the fact that often the timing of the age stages of biological development does not always coincide with calendar age, the sports doctor must take into account both the calendar (passport) age and the so-called biological age. Biological age is assessed by a set of indicators: physical development (body length and weight, etc.), timing of skeletal ossification (bone age), type of somatic status, degree of puberty, etc. Determining the type of somatic status includes an assessment of body length and weight, assessment of chest circumference and assessment of the stages of development of signs of puberty. Taking into account the obtained indicators, the subjects are divided into macro-, meso- and microsomatics, depending on the amount of sigma deviations of these signs from the standards of physical development. If the sum of sigma deviations is from 21 to 16 points, then the athlete is classified as a macrosomatic type, from 15 to 11 points - to a mesosomatic type, from 10 to 8 points - to a microsomatic type. The definitive stages of development of secondary characteristics are designated by the symbol A, juvenile - B, the absence of these signs - C. Hence, 9 types of somatic status of young athletes are distinguished: macrosomatic A, B, C, mesosomatic A, B, C and microsomatic A, B, C. Acceleration characterized by accelerated physical development, earlier puberty, and an increase in body size. Children with this type of development are called accelerated (acceleratedly developing).

Retardants are children who develop slowly, are lagging behind in physical development and puberty. It should be taken into account that often the same calendar age unites a biologically different contingent of children.

The sports doctor draws up a diagnostic program depending on the type of sport, the physical development of the athlete, his biological maturity, psychological status, physical performance, as well as the results of a clinical and functional examination and testing of physiological systems and functions.

The main features (differences from the adult body) of the functional support of muscle work in childhood are:

1) a relatively small range of reserve capabilities of both the vegetative and metabolic systems of the body;

2) relatively low efficiency of vegetative support systems; Moreover, efficiency is understood as the ratio of the final result to the costs of it;

3) a relatively low level of the anaerobic-glycolytic component of physical performance, i.e. performance in exercises with a maximum work time of 0.5-3 minutes.

In practice, working with children is divided into age groups: up to 7 years old - preschool group, from 7 to 11 years old - junior group, from 12 to 15 years old - middle group, from 16 to 18 years old - senior group.

Approaches to testing children and adolescents are not fundamentally different from those used when testing adults. However, there is some difference.

When performing step ergometric testing, it is necessary to use steps of different heights depending on the height of the children. However, it is recommended to use leg length as a criterion for compliance, which ensures greater adequacy in the presentation of the load and in subsequent comparison of test results (Table 14.1).

Tests used to determine maximum aerobic power levels on a large scale should be simple and not labor intensive for adolescents. For this purpose, tests designed to determine the MIC in the so-called are acceptable. field conditions, using running loads. The basis for their widespread use is the fact that the level of MIC

Table 14.1.Optimal step height during step ergometric study in children (V.L. Karpman)

Note. Leg length is measured from the greater trochanter of the femur to the floor (in shoes)

has high correlations with motor tests designed to study general endurance, because the physiological substrate of this physical quality is the aerobic capabilities of energy production.

Indirect determination of an athlete's aerobic capacity using motor tests requires significant effort and must be preceded by a medical examination. An athlete is not allowed to participate in testing in the following cases:

Lack of permission from a doctor to take part in tests with maximum loads (as a rule, these are children assigned to a special medical group);

Body temperature more than 37? C;

Heart rate after 10-15 minutes of rest is above 100 beats/min;

Recent infectious diseases, including acute respiratory diseases.

Express assessment of the maximum aerobic capacity of the body is the most complex, and its accuracy is entirely determined by the power and duration of the testing load. This method, like other indirect methods for determining BMD, is advisable to use during mass examinations, when it is necessary to obtain relatively “rough comparative data” in a homogeneous population.

Physiological reserves mean the ability of an organ or system and the organism as a whole, developed in the process of evolution, to increase the intensity of its activity many times over compared to a state of relative rest. The presence of reserve capabilities of the body allows, in some cases, to endure without negative consequences the effects of extreme environmental factors and pathogenic agents, toxic substances that significantly exceed the accepted maximum permissible levels. It is known, for example, that well-physically trained people are able to maintain working capacity for a long time when the oxygen content in the inhaled air is 16% or lower, carbon dioxide - more than 2-3%, etc.

Table 14.2 shows the differences in the state of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs of a trained person (with high levels of aerobic capacity) and an untrained person. It is obvious that the physiological reserves of a teenager who is systematically involved in the development of aerobic mechanisms are immeasurably higher. This gives him the opportunity to easily compensate for the sudden impact of many environmental factors, of a sub- or extreme nature, without harming his health. It is important to note that systematic physical education and sports allow one to maintain physiological reserves until a very advanced age, which ensures a high level of health and performance (G.L. Apanasenko).

Among the most important activities in the preparation of young athletes, ensuring the preservation of health and improving sports performance, include the development and effective implementation of a comprehensive prevention system. Prevention is understood as a system of government, social, hygienic and medical measures aimed at ensuring a high level of health and preventing diseases. It includes primary prevention - a system of social, medical, hygienic and educational measures aimed at preventing diseases by eliminating the causes and conditions of their occurrence and development, as well as increasing the body’s resistance to the effects of adverse environmental factors and secondary prevention aimed at early detection of the disease , prevention of relapses, prevention of the development of the disease process and its possible complications.

Table 14.2.Morpho-functional indicators of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs in individuals with different levels of aerobic capacity (G.L. Apanasenko)

A comprehensive prevention system is based on medical monitoring data, which provides information on health status, functional status, early diagnosis of pre-pathological and pathological processes in the body and musculoskeletal system, as well as on timely and targeted treatment of identified diseases and injuries. It includes a system of recovery and rehabilitation and helps to carry out targeted correction of all means of preparation (medical and pedagogical) to ensure the achievement of planned sports results and the implementation of training load programs.

A comprehensive system of prevention, preservation of health and increase in the level of functional readiness of young athletes should include medical control in a year

training cycle for the preparation of young athletes (in-depth clinical examination, stage-by-stage comprehensive examination, ongoing observations), as well as treatment and preventive measures: treatment of acute and prevention of exacerbation of chronic diseases, rehabilitation measures, preventive measures in the spring-winter period (vaccination, UV- irradiation, immunocorrection).

14.2. MEDICAL CONTROL DURING CLASSES

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN OLDER AGES

The processes of age-related involution inevitably lead to a number of changes:

Metabolic - disruption of the resynthesis of plastic substances in cells, tissues and organs, weakening of oxidative processes with the accumulation of under-oxidized metabolic products in cells;

Functional - disorders of the neurohormonal regulation of life processes, a decrease in the speed and degree of adaptation to changing environmental conditions, a decrease in resistance to the action of unfavorable factors;

Morphological - impaired reproduction of intracellular structures and cells, loss of functionally important cells and development of excess functionally inactive connective tissue in organs.

Weakening of compensatory processes limits the ability of an elderly person’s body to adapt to environmental changes; The body's vulnerability increases, and pathological processes develop more easily. Even in the absence of changes in vital signs such as blood sugar, osmotic pressure, oncotic pressure, intraocular pressure and blood pressure, the reliability of homeostasis regulation decreases. Changes in metabolism and functions in older people, even with minor physical activity, can become protracted, i.e. the initial level of vital activity of the body is restored more slowly. Changes in basic nervous processes limit the body's most dynamic mechanisms to the environment and reduce performance.

The general adaptation syndrome has a less pronounced compensatory value. Patients' movements become slow, and muscle strength, endurance, and dexterity weaken. Patients feel a desire to move less. In the walls of blood vessels, connective tissue grows with the deposition of cholesterol in it, and the muscular layer becomes thinner. All this slows down the metabolic processes between blood and tissues. Sclerotic changes develop in the heart and large vessels. However, not all diseases of older people are an inevitable consequence of age-related weakening of the body. Many of them are the result of an unhealthy lifestyle and, above all, a consequence of insufficient physical activity. The importance of physical activity as a factor in stimulating body functions during aging is determined primarily by motor-visceral reflexes. Accompanying each of the motor acts, these reflex influences significantly change the development of age-related changes in the body. By stimulating excess anabolism, muscle activity slows down the decline in the body's functional capabilities that develops with age.

There are some limitations in providing older people with full-fledged health-improving physical education (RPC), which can be divided into:

Biological (the presence of multiple concomitant diseases that limit the ability to exercise in health groups, a decrease in the body’s tolerance to physical activity and a decrease in its adaptive capabilities);

Psychological (frequent depression, decreased ability to learn, remember), social (organizational difficulties of various nature when forming groups of older people, conflict behavior of many of them).

The main means of physical exercise in older people are physical exercises, training on simulators (with strict indications), massage and self-massage. The mechanisms of action of OFC agents on organs and systems as a whole come down to a tonic and trophic effect.

The tonic effect of OFC is expressed primarily in the stimulation of motor-visceral reflexes. At the same time, the intensity of vegetative processes increases and their humoral regulation is activated. With appropriate selection of exercises

selective influence on motor-vascular, motor-cardiac and other reflexes makes it possible to increase primarily the tone of those systems and organs in which it is more reduced.

The trophic effect of OFC can manifest itself in the stimulation of regenerative or compensatory hypertrophy, which occur in the form of more intense physiological regeneration or hypertrophy of tissue elements not directly involved in the pathological process. During degenerative processes in tissues, regenerative hypertrophy occurs mainly due to tissue elements remaining unchanged. These processes occur most fully in the muscles.

Intensive physical exercises by the population of the country require a significant increase in the role of self-control, which provides great assistance in medical supervision of those involved. Self-control is especially important for older people who independently engage in recreational running, walking, swimming, and cycling. Ensuring self-control and explaining the role of this form of control for organizing classes is an important task for a sports doctor.

All self-monitoring data should be recorded in a self-monitoring diary, which reflects both rest indicators and information about the nature of the muscular work done and the body’s reactions to it. Naturally, this information can be presented on the basis of the simplest physiological indicators. The simplest tests include:

Determination of heart rate when climbing to the 4th floor at an individually selected pace (100 beats per minute - excellent readiness, 130 beats per minute - good, 150 beats per minute - satisfactory, more than 150 beats per minute - unsatisfactory);

Test with assessment of heart rate when climbing to the 4th floor in 2 minutes (if after performing the test the heart rate is less than 140 beats per minute, then a general physical training regime and a training regime can be prescribed);

Determination of the type of reaction of the cardiovascular system to dosed physical activity. For example, 20 squats in 30 seconds (Table 14.3), and also use a simplified version of the Ruffier test. The latter is done as follows. The starting position of the subject is sitting on a chair. In 5 minutes

calculate (in 20 seconds) the initial heart rate (P0). Then he is asked to do 20 deep squats in 30 seconds. Repeated determination of heart rate is carried out immediately after the load (within 10 seconds in a standing position - P1) and after 1 minute (in a sitting position - P2). The Ruffier Index (IR) is calculated using the formula:

14.3. INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

ON THE FEMALE BODY

Physiological reactions to physical activity and the mechanisms that determine the functional capabilities of the body and their changes under the influence of training are not fundamentally different in women and men.

A woman's body reacts to regular physical activity in the same way as a man's body. Trained women experience an increase in strength, speed, endurance, just like trained women

men. But due to differences in body type, body composition and the endocrine system (estrogen-androgen system), there are sex differences in physical performance, strength, speed and aerobic capacity. These quantitative differences explain the level of world record results, which for women is 7-10% lower than for men.

When comparing the functional capabilities of the female and male body, first of all, it is necessary to take into account the difference in body size and structure - body length and weight in women are less than in men. Women have smaller linear dimensions (the length of all parts of the body and limbs), volumetric dimensions (volume of the lungs, heart, etc.), surface dimensions (cross-sectional area of ​​the muscles, alveolar surface of the lungs, etc.), as well as the length of the levers (distance from the axis rotation of the joint to the point of muscle attachment). There are also significant differences in the qualitative structure of the body between women and men: the ratio of fat and muscle tissue, the structure of the muscular system, features of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs, differences in hormonal levels and the reproductive system (Table 14.4).

Women's physique features give them advantages when performing physical exercises in balance with support on the lower limbs; in swimming, women's records are close to men's, at the same time, their running speed and jumping height are limited. The difference in the strength capabilities of women and men depends mainly on the difference in body size and muscle mass.

Features of the muscular system in women are manifested in the following differences:

Maximum voluntary muscle strength (MVS) is the same in girls and boys before puberty, and in girls after 11-13 years it is less than in boys;

In women, muscle MPS is lower than in men and is on average 2/3 of muscle MPS in men;

The thickness of muscle fiber in women is less than in men;

Poor muscle development in women leads to lower levels of strength in various muscle groups;

The deadlift strength of women is 1.8-1.9 times less than that of men;

Total muscle strength - the sum of the maximum strength indicators of the main muscle groups - is also less in women;

Women have relatively weaker muscles of the upper limbs, shoulder girdle, and torso compared to men;

Table 14.4.Comparative characteristics of qualitative body composition and

anthropometric data of women and men

The MPS of the muscles of the upper limbs and trunk in women is 40-70% of the MPS of these muscles in men;

The MVC of the muscles of the lower extremities and pelvic girdle in women is only about 30% less than in men, which is explained by everyday stress on these muscle groups.

Since results in jumping and sprinting depend to a certain extent on the muscle strength demonstrated during fast movements, women are noticeably inferior to men in this. In addition, it should also be noted that under the influence of strength training

Women exhibit a relatively lower ability to increase muscle strength (trainability of muscle strength), as well as a smaller increase in muscle mass than men, which is determined by the role of androgens (male sex hormones - their concentration in the blood in women is 10 times lower than in men ) in the development of muscle hypertrophy.

At the same time, the percentage ratio of fast and slow fibers in the muscles of women and men - representatives of the same sport - is the same. But women have lower strength of individual muscle groups: hand strength in women is on average 1.5-1.6 times less than in men. The strength capabilities of muscles of the same size (thickness) in women are almost the same as in men. Thus, the strength of the hip flexor and extensor muscles in women on average does not differ from that in men.

The anaerobic energy systems of the female body also have their own characteristics. The most significant of them are the following. Due to lower muscle mass, women have lower capacity of anaerobic energy systems - phosphagen (ATP + CP) and lactic acid (glycolytic). The concentration of ATP and CP in the muscles of women and men is approximately the same, but due to the smaller volume of muscle tissue, the total amount of muscle phosphagens is less in women. The capacity of the anaerobic lactic acid system is also lower, as evidenced by the lower concentration of lactic acid in the blood after maximum aerobic work. (At the same time, the maximum capacity of the phosphagen system in high-class female athletes (rowing) is on average equal to that in untrained young men, this is indicated by the value of the alactic phase of the oxygen debt.) These features are the main reason that women have lower results than men in the 400m and 800m running and in the 100m swimming.

Anatomical differences in the female body also determine the characteristics of the cardiorespiratory system: the weight of the heart in women is 10-15% less than in men, the volume of the heart is on average 160-180 cm 3, the size of the heart cavities (ventricles) is smaller. Other differences include:

The stroke volume of the heart at rest in women is 10-15 cm 3 less, and the minute volume of blood circulation is 0.3-0.5 l/min less than in men;

Heart rate at rest in women is 10-15 per minute higher;

The maximum heart rate in untrained women is higher than in untrained men: about 205 and 200 per minute, respectively;

Under conditions of maximum physical activity, cardiac output in women is significantly lower than in men;

Women's total blood volume is smaller;

Women's respiratory rate is higher;

The depth of breathing in women is less;

The predominant type of breathing in women is chest breathing, in men -

Abdominal;

The minute volume of breathing in women is less;

Vital capacity (vital capacity of the lungs) in women is 1000-1500 cm 3 less (due to the smaller size of the chest).

The size of the heart in women, as in men, depends on the direction of the training process - the largest, respectively, in those training for endurance and close to normal when engaging in speed-strength sports. Women also have physiological characteristics in the regulation of breathing during muscular work. They achieve the same values ​​of pulmonary ventilation as men with a less favorable ratio of frequency and depth of breathing, which is due to a reduced pulmonary volume and weaker respiratory muscles.

Accordingly, aerobic performance differs in that the maximum amount of oxygen that can be transported by arterial blood is less in women than in men. Women's maximum aerobic performance is lower than men's, which predicts poorer performance among women in endurance sports, especially as distance increases. The MIC in women is 500-1500 ml/min less - this is due to the reduced oxygen transport capabilities of the female body, lower volume of circulating blood, and the concentration of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood. The main mechanism for increasing the oxygen transport capabilities of the body in female athletes is an increase in systolic volume. When performing the same non-maximal aerobic work, the concentration of lactate in the blood in women is higher than in men, i.e. here women work at higher oxygen consumption. Therefore, systematic endurance training causes a significant increase in VO2 max (up to 25-30%) in previously untrained individuals.

women. With aerobic exercise below 80-85% of MIC, fat oxidation by working muscles is greater in women than in men.

There is an inverse relationship between the increase in MOC and its initial level: the lower the initial MOC, the more it increases as a result of training. This maximum aerobic capacity training is approximately the same in women and men, but the absolute increase in women is smaller.

The most important differences in the female body are related to the characteristics of its reproductive system. The physiological state of different body systems and physical performance in women are in a certain dependence on the phases of the menstrual cycle.

The duration of the normal ovarian-menstrual cycle ranges from 21-30 days and is characterized by a change of different phases. The first half of the cycle - the follicular phase (the phase of follicle development in the ovary) - lasts 10-15 days. During this period, the follicular (estrogenic) hormone predominates in the blood; the phase ends with the maturation of the follicle and its rupture. In the middle of the cycle, the ovulation phase occurs - the release of the egg from the follicle and its entry into the uterus. After ovulation, the postovulatory or progesterone phase begins, characterized by the predominance of the corpus luteum hormone, progesterone, in the blood. The duration of the phase is 10-15 days, the corpus luteum develops at the site of the burst follicle, and the secretory phase occurs in the uterus. If fertilization of the egg does not occur, the corpus luteum ceases to exist and the menstruation phase begins, lasting from 2 to 7 days - rejection of the inner layer of the uterus, bleeding.

The functional state of women changes significantly in different phases of the ovarian-menstrual cycle. Thus, in the middle of the menstrual cycle, the hemoglobin content in the blood, the concentration of red blood cells, platelets and leukocytes decreases, which is associated with an increase in the volume of blood plasma due to the retention of water and sodium in the body. The loss of red blood cells and hemoglobin during menstruation also leads to a decrease in the oxygen capacity of the blood; this depends on the amount of blood loss. Due to a decrease in the number of platelets and the activity of the fibrinolytic system, blood clotting decreases. Blood loss is a powerful and physiological stimulus for the subsequent enhancement of erythropoiesis. By the middle of the menstrual cycle, the oxygen capacity of the blood is restored and reaches its maximum. Immediately before menstruation

and during the menstrual phase, basal metabolism and body temperature are reduced. During the menstrual phase, during muscular work, sweating begins earlier, which is associated with a decrease in the content of estrogens, which have an inhibitory effect on sweating. At this time, muscle performance is especially sensitive to elevated ambient temperatures. Heart rate increases by 5-15 per minute, diastolic blood pressure may increase by 10-15 mmHg. Art. Orthostatic stability worsens (the difference in heart rate between the initial lying position and the standing position increases by 10-15 per minute; pulse pressure decreases to a greater extent). Maximum muscle strength decreases several days before the onset of menstruation and remains decreased during the menstrual phase.

Thus, the level of general physical performance during the menstrual phase is reduced. The greatest performance is determined during the period of ovulation. 1-2 days before menstruation and during the menstrual phase, a woman’s well-being worsens. There is increased irritability, decreased attention, general weakness, increased fatigue, pain in the lower abdomen and lumbar region; sleep is disturbed. This symptomatology fits into the picture of PMS (premenstrual syndrome).

There are no significant changes in BMD during the menstrual cycle, and systolic blood pressure does not change. Indicators of external respiration function also remain virtually unchanged during the menstrual phase.

In general, the ovarian-menstrual cycle usually does not significantly affect athletic performance, but there are individual differences, and the type of sport also plays a certain role. Thus, the menstrual phase has a greater impact on the performance of women who train endurance and, to a lesser extent, on the physical performance of sprinters, effectively developing flexibility. In the follicular phase, the development of endurance occurs more effectively and quick reactions are difficult. In the postovulation phase, the development of speed and strength qualities is effective.

Contraindications to playing sports during the menstrual phase are any irregularities in the menstrual cycle, inflammatory diseases of the genital organs, the condition after an abortion (until the next normal menstrual cycle), as well as the period of puberty and the formation of the ovarian-menstrual cycle.

During menstruation, great efforts and maximum loads, straining, jumping, exercises associated with strong shaking of the body, strength exercises, hypothermia, prolonged exposure to the sun, sauna, bathhouse, swimming and exercise in the pool are prohibited.

Intense physical activity can cause a delay in the onset of menstruation. The most dangerous age for starting physical activity is 11-13 years, the favorable age is 7-8 years.

During puberty and with menstrual irregularities, physical training is contraindicated during the ovulation phase, which is also dangerous for physical activity.

Excessive physical activity can cause hormonal changes in the female body. These include, first of all, a violation (deficiency) of the luteal phase - in this case, the duration of the menstrual cycle does not change, but the luteal phase is shortened, the secretion of progesterone is insufficient. In this case, there is no need for drug therapy, the only exception being the need for pregnancy.

Anovulation and amenorrhea can be common consequences of excessive exercise. Anovulatory cycles (anovulation), in which the duration of the menstrual cycle can be normal, very short (less than 21 days) or very long (from 35 to 150 days), are characterized by the following features: progesterone levels are very low, the amount of estrogen is sufficient, endometrial proliferation leads to irregular, heavy bleeding. In this case, therapy is necessary to stimulate ovulation.

The causes of amenorrhea (lack of menstruation) may be a decrease in the percentage of adipose tissue as a result of intense training; energy depletion (dietary restriction) and the effect of physical exercise on the central nervous system. In addition to the inability to get pregnant, amenorrhea reduces bone density and increases the likelihood of injury and fractures. There is a distinction between primary amenorrhea - the absence of menstruation before the age of 16, associated mainly with intense training and a low percentage of adipose tissue, and secondary amenorrhea - the absence of 3 to 12 menstruation in a row. It is most common in long-distance runners.

If within 3-6 months after the onset of amenorrhea the menstrual cycle is not restored, as well as in cases where there is no menstrual cycle before the age of 16, an examination by a gynecologist-endocrinologist is necessary.

Amenorrhea is often perceived favorably by female athletes, mistakenly taken as evidence of “thinness,” good training, and the lack of influence of the menstrual cycle on performance.

The listed anatomical and physiological features of the female body determine the need for a systematic examination by a gynecologist during the training cycle. In addition, the sports doctor must take into account the characteristics of the menstrual cycle of women, the duration of the menstrual phase, the amount and duration of bleeding, PMS, tolerance of the training load during the menstrual phase, deviations during the ovarian-menstrual cycle and diseases of the reproductive system.

Introduction

1. Pedagogical control, content, purpose, place, significance in physical education and sports

Conclusion

Evaluation of test results. For a comprehensive assessment of students’ physical preparedness, it is advisable, with a constant number of tests, to evaluate changes for each test that characterizes individual aspects of preparedness, and for the sum of points that determines the level of preparedness as a whole.

Pedagogical observations and lesson analysis. The most complete information about the productivity of a lesson is provided by direct observation of the activities of the teacher and students, as well as an analysis of its influence on the solution of planned educational tasks.

2. Medical control, content, purpose, place, significance during physical education and sports

Medical control is a comprehensive medical examination of the physical development and functional readiness of those involved in physical exercises. The purpose of medical control is to study the state of health and the effect of physical activity on the body.

The main form of medical control is medical examination, which makes it possible to timely identify deviations in health status, as well as plan training loads in such a way as not to harm the health of those involved.

Primary examination is provided before the start of physical education classes (in the 1st year).

Re-examination is necessary once a year, and for those involved in sports, depending on the type of sport and qualifications of the athletes - 3-4 times a year. Students assigned to a special medical group for health reasons must undergo a repeat medical examination at least once a semester.

Additional medical examinations make it possible to exclude students from participating in sports competitions, the competitive load for which could have a negative impact on their health; establish the most effective mode of exercise and rest; determine the current state of health and functional readiness.

Future competition participants must undergo an additional medical examination 2-3 days before the start of the competition. Participants in mass physical education and sports events held within the university, as well as participants in shooting, chess, checkers, etc. competitions. may be admitted to competitions based on the results of an initial or repeated examination, which, however, does not exclude the possibility of undergoing an additional examination on their own initiative.

You must appear for a medical examination 1.5 hours after eating and 2 hours or more after physical exercise or heavy physical work.

The medical examination program includes:

general and sports history of students to obtain personal data, information about previous diseases and injuries, characteristics of physical development, bad habits, forms of physical exercise, etc.;

external inspection;

anthropometric measurements;

examination of the nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, abdominal organs, etc.;

carrying out a functional test.

External inspection. Using an external examination, posture, condition of the skin, bones and muscles, and fat deposition are assessed.

To characterize the physique, it is determined chest shape ( conical, cylindrical or flattened), backs, abdomen (normal, saggy or retracted), legs And stop ( normal or flattened).

The normal shape of the back has natural curves of the spine in the anterior-posterior direction, within 3-4 cm in relation to the vertical axis, respectively, in the lumbar and thoracic parts of the spine. An increase in the backward curve of the spine by more than 4 cm is called kyphosis, forward - lordosis. With insufficient development of the back muscles, its round shape is observed, in which there is pronounced kyphosis of the chest spine (stooping). Lateral curvature of the spine - scoliosis should not be normal. Scoliosis can be thoracic, lumbar, total, and in direction - left- or right-sided and S-shaped. Sometimes there are simultaneous curvatures of the spine back and to the right (or left), which are called kyphoscoliosis. One of the main causes of spinal curvature is insufficient trunk muscles or incorrect position when working at a desk.

Based on the results of an external examination, the type of build of a person is determined. Distinguish asthenic ( long and thin limbs, narrow shoulders, long and thin neck, long, narrow and flat chest, poorly developed muscles), normasthenic ( proportionally developed basic body shapes) and hypersthenic types ( short limbs, massive skeletal system, short and thick neck, wide, short chest, well-developed muscles).

At student age, with the help of specially selected exercises, some unwanted deviations in the physique can be eliminated.

Anthropometric measurements. Based on anthropometric data, the level and characteristics of physical development, the degree of its correspondence to the gender and age of the person are assessed. Measure:

height ( length) body standing and sitting (when determining height using a stadiometer, it should be taken into account that body length changes during the day, decreasing in the evening or after physical activity);

body weight;

chest circumference ( measured in three states: at maximum inhalation, during a pause and at maximum exhalation; the difference between the chest circumference during inhalation and exhalation is called chest excursion, its average value is 5-7 cm);

vital capacity of the lungs (VC) measured using a spirometer (average vital capacity for men is 3800 - 4200 cm3, for women - 3000 - 3500 cm3);

hand muscle strength using a dynamometer (the dynamometer is taken into the hand with the arrow towards the palm and squeezed with maximum force, while the hand is moved slightly to the side; the best result in kilograms is taken into account from three measurements), etc.

The level of physical development of the subjects is assessed using three methods: anthropometric standards with drawing an anthropometric profile, correlation and anthropometric indices. The last method is the most popular. Method of anthropometric indices allows us to characterize a person’s data only partially, however, it makes it possible to make approximate estimates of changes in the proportionality of physical development. Let's consider the most commonly used anthropometric indices.

Weight-height index, i.e., the ratio of body weight ( G) to body length ( cm). Normally, the partial division should be 350-400 g/cm for men and 325-375 g/cm for women. This indicator indicates the presence or absence of “excess” weight.

The height-weight indicator is calculated using the formula: height (cm) - 100 = weight (kg).

Proportionality factor (PR):

where L1 is the length of the body in a standing position, L2 is the length of the body in a sitting position. Normal CP = 87-92%. This indicator is used mainly in sports orientation and sports selection: persons with a low CP have a lower center of gravity, which gives them advantages when performing exercises that require high body stability in space (wrestling, etc.). And, conversely, people with a CP of more than 92% have advantages in those sports where a higher center of gravity, other things being equal, allows them to achieve significant results.

Vital indicator - the ratio of vital capacity to body weight ( G). An indicator below 65-70 ml/g in men and 55-60 ml/g in women indicates insufficient vital capacity of the lungs or excess weight.

Strength index is the ratio of the hand strength of the stronger arm ( kg) to body weight. On average, the strength index for men is 0.70-0.75, for women - 0.50-0.60.

The chest proportionality index is the difference between the chest circumference (at pause) and half the body length. If the difference is 5-8 cm for men and 3-4 cm for women or exceeds the numbers mentioned, this indicates good development of the chest.

Functional status testing. The health, functional state and fitness of students can be determined using functional tests and control exercises. Functional tests can be general (nonspecific) and with specific loads. Assessment of functional readiness is also carried out using physiological tests. These include heart rate monitoring and an orthostatic test. In addition, to assess the state of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and the ability of the internal environment of the body to be saturated with oxygen, the Stange test and the Genchi test are used.

Stange test ( holding your breath while inhaling). After 5-7 minutes of rest while sitting, inhale and exhale completely, then inhale again (about 80-90% of the maximum) and hold your breath. The time is noted from the moment of delay until its termination. The duration of breath holding depends not only on the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, but also on the person’s volitional efforts, therefore, a distinction is made between the time of pure delay and the volitional component. The beginning of the latter is recorded by the first contraction of the diaphragm (oscillation of the abdominal wall). In healthy people and adolescents aged 6-18 years, the duration of breath holding during inhalation ranges from 16-55 seconds. Healthy adults, untrained individuals hold their breath while inhaling for 40-50 seconds, and trained athletes - from 1 to 2-2.5 minutes. With increasing training, the time of holding your breath increases, and with fatigue it decreases.

Genchi test ( holding your breath while exhaling). After exhaling and inhaling completely, exhale again and hold your breath. Healthy, untrained people can hold their breath for 20-30 seconds, trained people - for 90 seconds or more. In case of diseases of the circulatory and respiratory organs, after infectious and other diseases, after overexertion and overwork, as a result of which the general functional state of the body deteriorates, the duration of breath holding on inhalation and exhalation decreases. It is recommended to carry out these tests once a week before the first lesson, recording the results in a self-monitoring diary.

One-stage functional test with squats. The subject rests standing in the main stance for 3 minutes. At the 4th minute, the heart rate is calculated for 15 seconds, recalculated to 1 minute (initial frequency). Next, 20 deep squats are performed for 40 seconds, with the arms raised forward, the knees spread to the sides, while maintaining the torso in an upright position. Immediately after squats, the heart rate is again calculated during the first 15 s, recalculated to 1 minute. The increase in heart rate after squats is determined in comparison with the initial one as a percentage. Rating for men and women: excellent - 20 or less, good - 21-40, satisfactory - 41-65, bad - 66-75, very bad -76 or more. In the practice of medical control, other functional tests are also used.

3. Self-control, content, purpose, place, significance in physical education and sports

Monitor your health during self-study Can And need to those doing it themselves.

Heart rate (HR) very informatively reflects the impact of various loads: physical, thermoregulatory, neuro-emotional, etc. Changes in heart rate clearly characterize the changing amount of functional stress in the body during training and competitive loads. Therefore, during medical, pedagogical control and self-control, operational pulsometry, i.e., quick determination of heart rate based on short-term single count data, is extremely necessary.

Pulse is measured as peace, so before loading ( state of the body before work), immediately after it ( the degree of stress in the body from the impact of the load), as well as Some time later ( determining the rate of recovery of the body). There are several methods for measuring heart rate. The simplest of them - palpation - is palpating and counting pulse waves on the carotid, temporal or other arteries accessible to palpation. Most often, the pulse rate is determined on the radial artery at the base of the thumb. After intense exercise, accompanied by an increase in heart rate to 170 beats/min and above, counting heartbeats in the area of ​​the apical beat of the heart - in the area of ​​the fifth intercostal space - will be more reliable. You need to find a place where there is a distinct pulsation and count your pulse for 10 seconds. The result is multiplied by 6 to give an approximate heart rate per minute. There are three training zones that can be determined by heart rate: aerobic, aerobic-anaerobic (mixed) and anaerobic.

Aerobic zone. The pulse rate in the aerobic zone does not exceed 150 beats/min, otherwise the power of work will exceed the body's ability to deliver oxygen and its demands will not be satisfied.

The upper limit of the aerobic zone (heart rate - 150 beats/min)- this is an average indicator. Depending on the age and degree of preparedness of those involved, a lack of oxygen may appear with some deviation from this value.

For beginners the upper limit of the aerobic zone can be calculated using the formula proposed by Holman (1963):

Heart rate = 180 beats/min - age (in years).

U trained students the lack of oxygen begins to manifest itself at a higher heart rate. Therefore, another 5-10 pulse beats are added to the value obtained by formula (1).

The lower limit of the aerobic zone, as well as the upper one, it is established taking into account the tasks that a person sets and the capabilities of his body. However, it should be borne in mind that an activity during which the pulse does not exceed 110 beats/min does not effectively solve health problems. This value can be taken as the minimum.

In the aerobic zone, three stages are distinguished, where, depending on the intensity of the exercise and heart rate, certain health problems are solved.

I stage - rehabilitation and recovery, heart rate - 110-120 beats/min. Classes with such a pulse are used by: trained students to restore the body after heavy aerobic and anaerobic loads; those engaged in activities with abnormalities in the activity of the cardiovascular system; weakened people as a way to restore and maintain the level of preparedness.

II stage - maintenance, heart rate - 130-140 beats/min. Used to develop (beginners) and maintain (advanced) aerobic capabilities.

III stage - developing, heart rate - 144-156 beats/min. Used by trained students to increase aerobic capacity.

Aerobic-anaerobic (mixed) zone. The heart rate in the aerobic-anaerobic zone is 150-170 beats/min; the individual characteristics of students can make some adjustments to these values.

Anaerobic zone. Having reached the level of maximum oxygen consumption ( lower limit of the anaerobic zone), the body switches mainly to anaerobic ( oxygen-free) method of energy supply to muscle contractions. The pulse during exercise in this zone exceeds 180 - 190 beats/min, a significant amount of lactic acid is formed, which complicates metabolic processes and can force a person to stop exercising or reduce the load.

Anaerobic training zone used mainly by professional athletes in preparation for competitions. Problems of health improvement, figure correction, etc. are successfully solved in the aerobic zone. Trained students who do not have any abnormalities in the state of the cardiovascular system can use it for training. border of aerobic and mixed zones or perform work of slightly higher power when the increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the blood is insignificant.

Sleep and well-being. These indicators are used to judge whether the load on the body of those involved is excessive.

If the load performed does not exceed your functionality, then you will quickly fall asleep, your sleep will be sound and refreshing, and your awakening will be quick and pleasant. Throughout the day you will feel good and in a good mood, cheerful and willing to exercise. If the work performed was for your body excessive, sleep will be intermittent, with heavy dreams. Throughout the day, you may be plagued by lethargy and drowsiness, irritability and short temper. With such symptoms, it is necessary to make adjustments to the training plans: to restore the body, increase the rest interval before the next lesson and reduce the load in subsequent classes. Otherwise it will inevitably happen overtraining of the body with all its consequences: insomnia, decreased performance, arrhythmia, exacerbation of various chronic diseases.

The cause of overwork can be not only excessive physical activity, but also intense mental activity, stress, and constant lack of sleep. These and other factors and their total impact on the body must also be taken into account when planning upcoming work.

Will provide you with indispensable assistance in assessing your body and its capabilities self-control diary .

4. Correction of the content of independent, educational, training, training sessions, performances in competitions, taking into account indicators of pedagogical, medical and self-control

Vocational applied physical training (PPPP) is a specially targeted and selective use of physical education means to prepare for a specific professional activity. The purpose of PPPP is psychophysical readiness for successful professional activities.

The specific tasks of students' PPPP are determined by the characteristics of their future professional activities and consist of: developing the necessary applied knowledge; master applied skills and abilities; cultivate applied physical qualities.

The applied knowledge that students receive in lecture classes in the course “Physical Education” has a direct connection with future professional activities. Knowledge about the patterns of achieving and maintaining high professional performance in work is of great practical importance.

Applied skills and abilities ensure rapid mastery of necessary labor operations, safety at home and when performing certain types of work.

Applied physical qualities are a list of physical qualities necessary for each professional group that can be developed when practicing various sports.

It is possible to develop special qualities in the process of PPPP not only with the help of specially selected exercises, but also with regular exercise in appropriate (applied) sports in each case. One should also keep in mind the features of the so-called nonspecific human adaptation. It has been established that a physically developed and trained person acclimatizes faster to a new area, tolerates low and high temperatures more easily, is more resistant to various types of infections, penetrating radiation, etc.

General physical training alone cannot fully solve the problems of special training for a specific profession. Professional applied physical training should be based on good general physical preparedness of students. The ratio of general and vocational-applied training may vary depending on the profession. For representatives of humanitarian professions, good general physical fitness is quite sufficient for psychophysical readiness for a future profession. In other cases (legal, technical specialties, etc.), general physical training cannot provide the required level of readiness for professional work. During the educational process, the level of students’ preparedness in the section of professionally applied physical training is controlled by special standards, which is specifically stipulated in the curriculum. Typically, these standards differ for students of different faculties depending on the semester and course of study. The level of readiness for PPPP is assessed separately and is included in a comprehensive assessment in the academic discipline "Physical Culture" along with grades for theoretical knowledge, general physical preparedness, methodological and motor skills.

The organization of PPPP for students in universities involves the use of specialized training during academic and extracurricular hours. For this purpose, specialized training groups on PPPP can be organized in the main educational department, and training groups in applied sports can be organized in the sports department. Students studying in a special department master those elements of PPPP that are available to them due to health reasons.

PPP of students during training sessions is carried out in the form of theoretical and practical classes.

PPPP during extracurricular time is necessary for students who have insufficient general and special psychophysical preparedness.

The forms of PPPP during extracurricular time are as follows: sectional classes at the university in applied sports outside the university; amateur classes in applied sports outside the university; independent studies; competitions in applied sports.

One of the forms of PPFP is mass physical education, health and sports events.

Of the numerous physical exercises, cyclic exercises such as running, walking, hiking, and swimming should be considered the most appropriate and accessible to use. Active and sports games are effective, which are characterized by many cyclic and acyclic movements and high emotionality.

A skillful combination of cyclic exercises with sports games gives positive changes not only in the development of endurance, but also other physical qualities (speed, agility, strength, flexibility).

Conclusion

Pedagogical observation can be complete, when all aspects and results of teaching and learning are monitored, or partial, when any particular aspect of the teacher’s activity is analyzed (drawing lesson notes, methods for preventing errors, etc.) or students (awareness and independence, the importance of theoretical information and so on.).

Based on the results of the medical examination, the therapist determines the medical group for physical exercise (basic, preparatory or special). In addition, some students are sent to physical therapy (physical therapy), others are exempted from practical classes for some time due to health reasons. The results for all sections of the survey must be submitted to the Department of Physical Education and Sports.

With an emphasis on the education of physical qualities in the content of training sessions, the volume of special exercises that develop one or more qualities is usually increased, and appropriate educational standards are established. This selection of exercises and elements from individual sports is carried out experimentally on the principle of compliance with their characteristics of professional qualities and motor skills. To do this, first a so-called professionogram is compiled, and then, based on it, a sportsogram (a set of exercises and a set of sports corresponding to a specific profession).

Each sport helps improve certain physical and mental qualities. And if these qualities, abilities and skills mastered during sports improvement coincide with professional ones, then such sports are considered professionally applied.

Literature

1. Gorodilin S.K. Physical education of students. - Grodno: GrSU, 2002.

2. Dronov V.Ya. Physical Culture. - M., 2005.

3. Theories and methods of physical education / Ed. B.A. Ashmarina. - M.: Education, 1990. - 287 p.

4. Physical education: Textbook / Ed. V.A. Golovina, V.A. Maslyaka, A.V. Korobkova and others - M.: Higher. school, 1993.

Gorodilin S.K. Physical education of students. – Grodno: GrSU, 2002. - P. 44.

Physical education: Textbook / Ed. V.A. Golovin, V.A. Maslyak, A.V. Korobkova and others - M.: Higher. school, 1993. – P. 51.

Gorodilin S.K. Physical education of students. – Grodno: GrSU, 2002. - P. 40.

Gorodilin S.K. Physical education of students. – Grodno: GrSU, 2002. - P. 66.

Regional state autonomous educational institution of secondary vocational education

"KRASNOYARSK SCHOOL (TECHNIQUE) OF OLYMPIC RESERVE"

Test

In the academic discipline "Medical supervision"

Topic: Medical and pedagogical control during physical education and sports.

Completed by Ryazhkina O.M.

Krasnoyarsk - 2015

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

Medical control is a system of medical research conducted jointly by a doctor and a trainer (teacher) to determine the impact of training loads on the body of the student. The main form of medical control is medical examinations. Primary, repeated and additional examinations are carried out. Primary examinations are carried out before the start of regular training. Repeated (annual) sessions allow you to get an idea of ​​the correctness and effectiveness of the classes. Additional medical examinations are carried out before competitions, after illnesses and injuries, during systematic intensive training, etc.

After the completion of the medical examination, a medical report is drawn up, which includes an assessment of the physical development, health status, functional state and preparedness of the subjects; recommendations on the regimen and methods of training, indications and contraindications, therapeutic and preventive prescriptions

Medical pedagogical control in the process of physical education

Physical exercise has unusually strong, complex and diverse effects on the human body. Only properly organized exercises under the supervision of a doctor, in compliance with the principles of sports training, strengthen health, improve physical development, increase physical fitness and performance of the body, and contribute to the growth of sportsmanship. Improper organization of classes, neglect of methodological instructions, implementation of the volume and intensity of physical activity without taking into account the health status and individual characteristics of those involved, lack of regular medical monitoring can be harmful to health.

The mass involvement of older and elderly people in physical education and sports requires especially in-depth medical supervision over them. Based on condition and physical fitness, gender and age, as well as other indicators, this group of students is divided into the following medical groups:

I am practically healthy people who do not complain to doctors and have sufficient physical fitness for my age.

I am persons with age-related changes, accompanied by minor functional deviations with sufficient compensation, or initial forms of diseases often characteristic of the aging process, as well as practically healthy people with insufficient physical fitness.

I am a person with reduced functional adaptation, deviations in health status of a permanent or temporary nature, with poor physical fitness.

Elderly and elderly people with significant disabilities and over 75 years of age can be sent to physical therapy rooms in medical institutions for exercise under the supervision of doctors.

If there are no contraindications, the subject is issued a certificate giving the right to engage in physical exercise in a sports and recreation group. Depending on the dynamics of health and physical fitness during regular exercise, the student may be transferred to one or another medical group.

An important part of medical examinations are medical and pedagogical observations and monitoring of workloads. In addition, sanitary and hygienic control is carried out over training places, and sanitary and educational work is carried out among students.

The doctor takes part in methodological work, gives appropriate recommendations, and conducts consultations. In doing so, he must be guided by the table of restrictions and contraindications.

All students involved in physical education and sports according to the academic schedule or independently must undergo medical examinations. Additional medical examinations are carried out before competitions, after illnesses, in case of unfavorable subjective sensations, in the direction of a physical education teacher.

Self-control in the process of physical education and sports

Medical supervision and medical-pedagogical observations will give better results if they are supplemented with self-control.

Self-monitoring is an essential addition to medical supervision. It is carried out by the participants themselves. To do this, each of them is required to keep a self-control diary.

Self-monitoring allows you to timely determine the presence of certain deviations in the health status of students and take the necessary measures to eliminate them. At the same time, self-monitoring allows the doctor to conduct regular monitoring, and the coach to make certain changes to the training plans.

Its main advantage is that those who exercise, by carrying out daily self-observations, can clearly feel the beneficial effect of physical exercise on their health.

Students must be taught to keep a self-control diary from the very beginning of group classes. At the same time, the goals and objectives of self-control are covered in detail, the meaning of individual indicators of objective and subjective data is revealed.

OBJECTIVE INDICATORS

Height is an important indicator of physical development. But it should be considered in combination with body weight, chest circumference, vital capacity (spirometry). Measuring height is of great importance for calculating indicators characterizing the correctness, proportionality of the physique and the state of physical development.

Body weight is one of the main characteristics of a person’s physical condition and is an indicator of the development of his body. A person’s body weight is normally determined by subtracting conventional values ​​from height indicators (in cm).

Chest circumference. A well-developed chest is an indicator of good physical development and a well-known guarantee of good health. The chest circumference is examined at rest (in a pause), during inhalation and exhalation.

The difference between inhalation and exhalation is called chest excursion. The latter depends on the development of the respiratory muscles and the type of breathing. Muscular strength of the arms. Arm muscle strength is measured with a dynamometer. Muscular strength of the arms depends on height, body weight, chest circumference and other indicators. On average, the relative strength of the arm muscles for men is 60-70% of weight, for women - 45-50% of weight. Deadlift muscle strength is the strength of the back extensor muscles. It depends on gender, age, body weight, and occupation. Men have significantly higher deadlift muscle strength than women. With age it begins to fall.

Spirometry. Vital capacity is the volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs, characterizing mainly the strength of the respiratory muscles, as well as the elasticity of the lung tissue.

The value of vital capacity varies widely among different people depending on gender, age, health status and other indicators. Physical education and sports, especially rowing, swimming, running, and sports games, help increase vital capacity.

Pulse. A person’s level of fitness and performance largely depend on the functional capacity of the cardiovascular system.

Each person has their own heart rate. At rest in a healthy, untrained man it is usually 60-80 beats/min; in women it is 5-10 beats more often.

The pulse rate depends on age, body position, level of physical activity, etc. During physical exercise, the pulse always increases.

Sweating. During large muscular work, sweating helps to establish acid-base balance, regulates body temperature and is the main indicator of normal water-salt metabolism.

At rest, 36-60 g of water is released from the surface of human skin in 1 hour, and 900 g per day. Moderate load causes water loss per day up to 2 liters, and with intense load in the heat - up to 8 liters. Sweating depends not only on the load and air temperature, but also on the state of the nervous system. With the correct method and training regimen, sweating decreases, and body weight remains almost unchanged

SUBJECTIVE DATA

Mood plays a big role in a person's life. A good mood contributes to greater effectiveness of the training process.

But sports and physical education, in turn, improve mood, evoke feelings of cheerfulness, joy, and self-confidence.

When a person is in good athletic shape, he perceives the world around him completely differently.

Well-being. Under the influence of regular exercise and sports, the entire body is rebuilt. Thus, the work of the heart, lungs and other internal organs is accompanied by the appearance of nerve impulses. Under normal conditions, these impulses do not reach the cerebral cortex and do not cause corresponding reactions that turn into sensations. This is why healthy people usually cannot feel their heart, lungs, liver, etc.

Fatigue, exhaustion, and decreased performance are directly related to the state of the human nervous system. This is a complex physiological process that begins in the higher parts of the nervous system and affects other systems and organs of the human body.

Night sleep cannot be replaced by anything. Its essence lies in a kind of delay in the activity of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex through the process of inhibition. The depth and duration of sleep depend on many reasons.

Sleep should be sufficient and regular, but not less than 7 hours, and with large amounts of physical activity - 8-9 hours.

It is useful to take a walk in the fresh air before going to bed. In this case, the last meal should be taken no later than 1.5-2 hours before bedtime; dinner should not include strong tea or coffee; Smoking at night is strictly prohibited.

Appetite. During physical activity, metabolism occurs more actively.

In the first days of training, body weight decreases, as the body’s reserves are used up: accumulated fat “melts” and water is lost, but at the same time appetite develops. It is well known that appetite is unstable, easily disrupted by illness or illness, but then restored again.

Often, with violations of the training regime, increased load, or overexertion, appetite is lost. This allows you to judge the correctness or incorrectness of the training methodology.

In the self-monitoring diary, appetite is noted as good, satisfactory, or poor.

Palpitations are the sensation of the heart beating rapidly and forcefully, associated with feeling unwell. At the same time, the pulse quickens or slows down, i.e. it becomes irregular.

Palpitations are, as a rule, a sign of increased excitability of the nervous apparatus of the heart.

Muscle pain. Often, during the preparatory period of a lesson or in people who have just started physical education, muscle pain appears. As a rule, these pains continue for two to three weeks and are evidence of active restructuring of the body.

Those who engage in physical education all year round do not experience these pains, and after heavy physical exertion their muscles quickly restore their performance. Massage and the use of various medications help to quickly relieve muscle pain

Conclusion

Monitoring sports results is the most important point of self-control, allowing you to assess the correct use of means and methods of training, training loads.

When comparing indicators, the effect of physical exercise and sports is determined, and training loads are planned. Self-control instills in the student a competent and meaningful attitude towards his health and physical exercise, helps to better know himself, teaches him to monitor his own health, stimulates the development of sustainable hygiene skills and compliance with sanitary standards and rules. Self-control helps regulate the training process and prevent overwork. Self-control is of particular importance for students of a special medical group. They are required to periodically show their self-control diaries to a physical education teacher and a doctor, and seek advice on issues of physical activity and nutrition.

List of used literature

1. Gusalov A. Kh. “Physical training group”, 1997

Dembo A. G. “Medical control in sports”, 1998

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