A message on the topic of sports games football. History of the emergence and development of football

A physical education report on the topic “Football” will briefly tell children about football as the most popular team sport in the world. The report about football can be supplemented with interesting facts.

Football report briefly

Football is the most popular team sport in the world. His goal is to score the ball into the opponent’s goal as many times as possible within a set time. You can score the ball into the goal with any part of the body except the hands.

It is believed that football originated in the 19th century in England. However, his story goes much deeper. A game that vaguely resembled modern football was played in ancient China. Participants were divided into 2 teams with an equal number of players and chased a leather sphere across a clearing. The sphere was stuffed with animal hair and bird feathers. Later, the Chinese began to inflate the ball with air and install goals to count the number of goals scored. They made the first rules.

There is also evidence (drawings on amphorae and parchments) that something similar to football existed in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece. The Romans came up with a sports discipline involving violent, hard wrestling with the ball. The Celts and Britons learned about this game from them and began to assimilate it. They even managed to surpass their teachers.

True, not all English kings liked the new game, and they tried to ban football, believing that it was not as useful as archery. However, people liked the game so much that they played it despite the prohibitions.

In the 19th century, the development of football as a sport began in Great Britain. In 1857, the first football club appeared in the town of Sheffield. Soon there were already 7 of them and representatives of the teams met in London in order to develop new rules of the game, as well as create a national football association.

According to the agreement, the dimensions of the ball and the field were clearly defined. Later a corner kick was introduced and the referee blew his whistle. In 1881, the goal “acquired” a net and a penalty kick was invented for a violation within the goalkeeper’s area from 11 meters - a penalty.

Over the course of 40 years, the rules of football and the tactics of players have changed. The players on the field were positioned in the shape of the letter W - the 2nd forwards on the edges and the central one moved forward. In attack they were supported by 2 midfielders, another 2 acted from behind. The formation was completed by 3 defenders and a goalkeeper. Over time, the Brazilian system was created with an emphasis on attack, the Dutch with the participation of all players in both defense and attack, and the Italian with a rich defense. Today football is the most popular sport in the world.

Football - rules of the game

2 teams enter the field. Each of them has about 11 people. The winner is the team that scores the most goals against the opponent in 1.5 hours. The match consists of 2 halves of 45 minutes. There is a 15-minute break between them.
The game ends with the victory of one of the teams or a draw. If it is necessary to determine the winner of the match, then 2 additional halves of 15 minutes are played. If there is a draw again, then there is a penalty shootout.
You can pass the match with your feet, chest, head. That is, all parts of the body except the hands. Only the goalkeeper can pick up the ball. Other players are punished for touching the ball, including being taken out of the playing field.

International Football Federation

In 1904, the International Football Federation - FIFA was founded. From the beginning of the 1930s, world championships began to be held, and 30 years later, European Cups. The first winners on the Eurasian continent were the Soviet Union team. North and South America host their own joint tournament, as does Africa.

What are the benefits of playing football?

Playing football develops agility, endurance, strengthens the immune system, teaches one to overcome difficulties, trains all the muscles of the body, and teaches one to think outside the box.

Football: interesting facts

Football is the only ball game in the world in which you cannot maneuver the ball with your hands.

The football industry makes more money than any other sport in the world.

In the Middle Ages, Europe made its balls from the distended bladders of pigs.

After the Olympics did not allow professional football players to participate in the games, FIFA established the World Cup. The first World Championship took place in 1930 in Uraguay; 13 teams competed and Uruguay won.

The World Cup has been held every four years since it began in 1930, except for a 12-year break during and after World War II.

Brazil is the only country at the World Cup to have won more finals than anyone else.

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Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Federal State Educational Institution

Higher vocational training

Ural State Pedagogical University

Institute of Physical Culture

Abstract on the topic:

"Football as a sport"

Performers:

Petrova Yulia Valerievna

Gareeva Larisa Kamilovna

Shishova Maria Vladimirovna

Checked:

Gorinova Victoria Nikolaevna

Ekaterinburg 2014

Introduction

Football (from the English foot - foot, ball - ball) is a team sport in which the goal is to kick the ball into the opponent's goal with your feet or other parts of the body (except hands) more times than the opposing team. Currently the most popular and widespread sport in the world.

Football is played on a field with a special covering made of grass or synthetic material. The two teams participating in the game have up to eleven players, each of whom has a specific role in the game and a specific location in their half of the field. The goalkeeper protects the goal from being hit by the ball, in addition, only he from the entire team is allowed to play with his hands, but only in his own penalty area near the goal. Defenders interfere with the opposing team's players, preventing them from approaching the goal with the ball and scoring a goal. Forwards participate in the game most actively, their role is reduced to scoring goals for opponents, coming up with the necessary actions and game techniques. Midfielders are located in the center of the field and, depending on the situation, help either defenders or attackers. As many people know, the main goal of the game is to hit the ball into the opponent's goal, and the use of hands is not allowed. Each team has its own uniform, club (country) badge, stadium, sponsor.

Football is a passionate confrontation between two teams, in which speed, strength, agility, and speed of reaction are manifested. As the best footballer of our time, the Brazilian Pele, noted: “football is a difficult game, because it is played with your feet, but you have to think with your head.”

1. History of football

The oldest image of a ball, dating back to 2500 BC, was discovered on the island of Samothrace. e. One of the earliest images of the ball, various moments of the game, was found on the walls of the tombs of Benny Hasan in Egypt.

Descriptions of the games of the ancient Egyptians have not been preserved. But much more is known about the predecessors of football on the Asian continent. Ancient Chinese sources dating back to 2697 BC talk about a game similar to football. They called it "zu-nu" ("zu" - push with the foot, "nu" - ball). The holidays are described, during which two selected teams delighted the eyes of the Chinese emperor and his entourage. Later, in 2674 BC, "zu-nu" became part of military training. Matches were played in limited areas, with bamboo goals without a top crossbar, and leather balls stuffed with hair or feathers. Each team had six gates and the same number of goalkeepers. Over time, the number of gates decreased. Since the game set a goal to cultivate the will and determination of warriors. Losers were still severely punished.

Later, during the Han era (206 BC - 220 AD), there was a football game in China, the rules of which were peculiar. Walls were installed on the front sides of the playing field; six holes were cut into them on each side. The team's task was to score the ball into any of the holes in the opposing team's wall. Each team had six goalkeepers defending these “gates”.

Around the same time, a game similar to football, kemari, appeared in the country of Yamato, also known as Japan, which at that time was under strong political and cultural influence from China. The game was of a religious nature, being an element of magnificent palace ceremonies, and became most widespread among the noble families of the country in the 6th century. n. e. Matches between the two teams were held on the square in front of the emperor's palace. The four corners of the playing field were marked by trees, which symbolized the four cardinal directions. The game was preceded by a procession of priests who carried a ball, which was kept permanently in one of the Shinto shrines. The players were distinguished by special kimonos and special shoes, since one of the features of “kemari” was that the ball was constantly thrown up with a kick, preventing it from falling to the ground. The goal of the competition was to score the ball into a goal that resembled the current one. It is not known how long the game lasted, but the fact that its scope was limited by certain regulations was beyond doubt: an indispensable attribute of the competition was an hourglass.

Meanwhile, the ball continued its journey around the globe. In Ancient Greece, truly, “all ages were submissive to the ball.” The balls were different: some were sewn from colored rags and stuffed with hair, others were filled with air, others were filled with feathers, and, finally, the heaviest ones were filled with sand.

The game with a large ball, “episkyros,” was also popular. It was in many ways reminiscent of modern football. The players were located on both sides of the midline of the field. At the signal, the opponents tried to kick the ball between two lines drawn on the ground (they replaced the goal). The team that achieved success was awarded a point. Another common game among the Hellenes was “feninda”. The goal of the game was to get the ball over the end line of the field in the opponent's half. Aristophanes mentions these competitions. The famous playwright of Ancient Hellas Antiphanes (388 - 311 BC) can be called the first football reporter. The very nature of the “report” gives an idea of the high intensity of sports passions. Not only the writers of Hellas, but also ancient Greek sculptors paid tribute to the foot ball. Several bas-reliefs telling about sports games have survived to this day.

Another type of similar games in Ancient Greece was “Harpanon”. This game can be considered a distant predecessor of football and rugby. Before the start of the competition, the ball was taken to the center of the field, and the opposing teams simultaneously rushed there in order to capture it. The team that managed to do this went on the offensive towards the opponent's line, that is, towards a kind of in-goal field that exists in modern rugby. You could carry the ball in your hands and kick it with your feet. But it was not easy to get ahead with him. There were continuous brutal fights on the field.

Equally uncompromising was the favorite game of the inhabitants of Ancient Sparta - “espiciros”, which was of a military-applied nature. Its essence was that two teams threw the ball with their hands and feet over the field line, to the side defended by the opponents. The restriction of the game by certain rules was indicated by the mandatory presence of a referee on the field. The game was so popular that in the 6th - 5th centuries. BC. Even girls played it.

Another, most common game among the Romans was “harpastum”. She was of a very cruel nature. Two teams, positioned opposite each other, tried to carry a small, heavy ball across the line, which was located behind the opponents’ shoulders. At the same time, it was allowed to pass the ball with feet and hands, knock the player down, and take the ball in any way. The passion for "harpastum" was strongly encouraged by the Roman nobility, led by Julius Caesar. It was believed that in this way the physical perfection of soldiers was achieved, strength and mobility appeared - qualities so necessary in military operations, which were constantly carried out by the Roman Empire.

Over time, they began to use a large leather ball, made from ox or boar skins and stuffed with straw, for competitions. It was only possible to pass it with your feet. The place where the ball had to be kicked also changed. If at first it was an ordinary line drawn on the site, now a goal without a top crossbar was installed on it. The ball had to be scored into the goal, for which the team was awarded a point. Thus, “harpastum” acquired more and more features of the current football.

The word “football” appears for the first time in an English military chronicle, the author of which compares the passion for this game with an epidemic. In addition to "football", kicking ball games were called "la sul" and "chul" depending on the region in which they were practiced.

English medieval football was very primitive. It was necessary to attack the enemy, take possession of the leather ball and break through with it towards the opponent’s “gate”. The gates served as the border of the village, and in cities most often the gates of large buildings.

Football matches were usually timed to coincide with religious holidays. Interestingly, women took part in them. Games were also held during holidays dedicated to the god of fertility. A round ball made of leather, which was later filled with feathers, was a symbol of the sun. Being an object of cult, it was kept in a place of honor in the house and was supposed to guarantee success in all everyday affairs.

The word "football" was first found in written sources dating back to the reign of the English king Henry II (1154 - 1189). A detailed description of medieval football comes down briefly to the following: on Maslenitsa, boys went out of town to play ball. The game was played without any rules. The ball was thrown upward in the center of the field. Both teams rushed towards him and tried to score into the goal. Sometimes the goal of the game was to kick the ball into your own team's goal. Adults also liked the game. They gathered in the market square. The mayor of the city tossed the ball, and the fight began. Not only men, but also women competed for the ball. After honoring the player who managed to score a goal, the game resumed with even greater excitement. Tripping an opponent and giving him a blow was not considered reprehensible. On the contrary, this was seen as a manifestation of dexterity and skill. In the heat of battle, players often knocked down passers-by. Every now and then the sound of breaking glass was heard. Prudent residents covered their windows with shutters and bolted their doors. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the 14th century the game was repeatedly banned by city authorities, was anathematized by the church, and brought the disfavor of many rulers of England upon itself. Feudal lords, churchmen, and merchants vied with each other to demand that the English king stop “demonic zeal,” “an invention of the devil,” as they called football. On April 13, 1314, King Edward II prohibited "madness with a large ball" on the streets of London, as "dangerous to passers-by and buildings."

However, the magical power turned out to be stronger than the formidable royal edict.

Games began to be held in vacant lots outside the city. Team members tried to drive the ball into a pre-marked place - an area similar to the current penalty area. The bone of contention was a semblance of a modern ball, made of rabbit or sheep skin and stuffed with rags.

The best times for football players came only in the 17th century, when Elizabeth I lifted the ban on football in 1603. Despite this, the highest clergy and city authorities opposed the game of football. This situation existed in many cities. And although the games often ended in fines and even imprisonment of participants, nevertheless, football was played not only in the capital, but also in any, even the most remote corner of the country.

The further development of football in the British Isles was unstoppable. Hundreds, thousands of teams have sprung up in cities, towns, villages, schools, and colleges. The time was rapidly approaching when this chaotic movement turned into an organized one - the first rules, the first clubs, the first championships appeared. There was a final division between supporters of playing with hands and feet. In 1863, supporters of the game “only with legs” separated and created the autonomous “Football Association”.

Italians are also proud of their football past. They consider themselves, if not the founders of the game, then, in any case, its longtime admirers. Proof of this is the numerous entries in historical chronicles about ball games with which the ancient ancestors of the Italians amused themselves. The name of the game comes from the name of the special shoes worn by the players of "harpastum" - "calceus". The root of this word is preserved in the current name of football - “calcio”.

A detailed description of Italian medieval “football” was compiled by a Florentine historian of the 16th century. Silvio Piccolomini. Heralds announced the upcoming competition. A week before the competition, they informed the residents of Florence the names of the players. The game was accompanied by the thunder of orchestras. In Piccolomini you can find a statement of the rules of “ghinaccio a calcio”, which, naturally, are very different from the current football ones. There were no gates; instead, they had huge nets that were placed on both sides of the field. The goal counted even if it was scored not with a foot, but with a hand. The team whose players did not hit the net, but shot wide, was punished: they were deprived of previously scored points. The judges were literally on top of their game. They did not move around the field, but sat on a raised platform. Their actions were monitored by an authoritative commission that could eliminate incompetent referees.

The day of the first match, February 17, has been celebrated in Florence every year since 1530. The holiday today is accompanied by a meeting of football players dressed in medieval costumes. The game "guinaccio a calcio" was popular not only in Florence, but also in Bologna.

Games reminiscent of football have been widespread in Mexico since ancient times. The Spaniards, who first entered Central Mexico, inhabited by the powerful Aztec tribe, saw here a ball game, which the Aztecs called “tlachtli.”

The Spaniards looked at the rubber ball game with surprise. European balls were round in shape, made of leather, and stuffed with straw, rags or hair. In Spanish, ball games are still called "pelota", from the word "pelo" - hair. The Indians' balls were larger and heavier, but they bounced higher.

It is difficult to say when the Indians started playing ball. However, records on the stone disks of the stadiums indicate that one and a half thousand years ago they were passionate fans of the tlachtli.

Among the Mayan tribes, the place of competition was a platform (about 75 feet), laid with stone slabs and framed on two sides by brick benches, and on the other two by an inclined or vertical wall. Carved stone blocks of various shapes served as markers on the field. The game involved two teams of 3-11 players each. The ball was a massive rubber ball weighing from 2 to 4 kg. The teams ran onto the field in formation. The players' knees, elbows and shoulders were wrapped in cotton fabric and specially made cane films. There was a ceremonial uniform in which the players performed worship and made sacrifices to the gods: on the head was a helmet richly decorated with feathers; The face, except for the cutout for the eyes, is closed.

The Indian players prepared more than just their suits for the match. First of all, they prepared themselves. A few days before the competition, they began the ritual of sacrifice, and also fumigated their suit and balls with the smoke of sacred resin.

Although the Mayan game had many secular features (for example, spectators were present), at its core it was cultic and ritual.

2. Worldwide spread of football

Modern organized football originated in Great Britain. With the development of communications and international travel, British sailors, soldiers, traders, technicians, teachers and students took their favorite sports of cricket and football around the world.

The local population gradually gained a taste for it, and football gained popularity all over the world. By the end of the 19th century, football literally invaded Austria. There was a large British colony in Vienna at that time. Moreover, its influence was so strong that the two oldest Austrian clubs bore the English names “First Vienna Football Club” and “Vienna Football and Cricket Club”. From these clubs the famous “Austria” was later formed.

Hugo Meisl played for Vienna Cricket, who later took over as secretary of the Austrian Football Association. He recalled that the first game in Austria according to real football rules took place on November 15, 1894. It was a match between the Cricketers and Vienna, which ended in a convincing victory for the Cricketers. In 1897 M. D. Nicholson was appointed to a position in the Vienna office of Thomas Cook and Sons. He proved himself to be the brightest and most famous English player in the history of Austrian football and became the first secretary of the Austrian Football Association.

Football became widespread in continental Europe thanks to the efforts of Hugo Meisl. It was he who was the main initiator of the Mitropa Cup (the predecessor of the modern Eurocubes) and various national championships that contributed to the popularization of football in Central Europe.

Hungary was one of the first European countries to learn and immediately love football. It was brought by a young student who returned home from England in the 1890s. The first Hungarian team featured two Englishmen, Arthur Yolland and Ashton. Even before the outbreak of the First World War, some English clubs visited Hungary.

Some argue that football appeared in Germany back in 1865. At that time it was a poorly organized type of game that English boys studying in German schools showed to their classmates. But adult German football developed largely thanks to the enthusiasm of the two Schriecker brothers, who even borrowed a large sum of money from their mother in order to contribute to the financing of the Football Association team's first overseas tour in 1899.

Jimmy Hogan made an invaluable contribution to the development of Dutch football. In 1908, Holland already had 96 clubs and a fairly strong national team, led by Edgar Chadwig, a former player of the England national team.

Football appeared in Russia in 1887 thanks to the English Charnock brothers, who owned a mill in the village of Orekhovo near Moscow. They bought equipment in England, but they didn’t have enough money for boots. Clement Charnock solved this problem by adapting some of the mill's equipment into a kind of darner, with which the spikes were attached to the soles of the players' regular shoes. In Russia, the new game was enthusiastically accepted and in the 1890s. The Moscow Football League has already been formed in the capital. For the first five years, the winners of all its championships were the Charnoks' team - "Morozovtsy".

One of the first countries in continental Europe to form truly strong teams was Denmark. The Danes were trained by English professionals, and at the beginning of the 20th century the Danish team was one of the strongest in Europe. At the 1908 Olympics, the Danes reached the final but lost to Great Britain.

Football has conquered not only Europe, but the whole world. It was brought to Brazil by English sailors in 1874. However, the true missionary of football in Brazil is considered to be Charles Miller, a native of Sao Paulo, the son of English immigrants. He studied in England for a long time and played there for the Southampton club, and when he returned home 10 years later, he brought with him a fairly complete set of uniforms and two soccer balls. Miller encouraged workers and employees of the Gas Company, the London Bank and the Sao Paulo Railway Authority to organize their own football teams. He also involved the founders of the Athletic Club of São Paulo, which at that time was exclusively involved in cricket. The first "real" football match took place in April 1894. The railroad workers defeated the Gas Company team.

The first club, consisting mainly of Brazilians only (Mackenzie College Sports Academy), was founded in São Paulo in 1898. So South American football developed simultaneously with European football.

Football appeared in Argentina largely thanks to representatives of the British diaspora in Buenos Aires. However, local residents were not very interested in this game at first. Even in 1911, many Englishmen played on the Argentine national team. But it was not the British, but Italian immigrants who contributed to the popularization of football in Argentina and some other Latin American countries.

Football came to Africa thanks to English and French colonists. Germany and Portugal made their modest but no less significant contribution to the development of football on the African continent.

The regulations and order of this once unorganized “wild” game were determined in the rooms of private schools and universities in Oxford and Cambridge.

Almost every school and every football club had its own set of rules. Some rules allowed dribbling and passing the ball with hands, others were categorically rejected; In some places the number of players on each team was limited, in others it was not. In some teams it was allowed to push, sweep and hit an opponent in the legs, in others this was strictly prohibited.

In other words, English football was in a chaotic state. And in 1846, the first serious attempt was made to unify the set of football rules. H. de Wheaton and J. S. Thring of the University of Cambridge met with representatives of private schools with the aim of formulating and adopting a set of uniform rules.

The discussion lasted 7 hours and 55 minutes and resulted in a document published under the title “Cambridge Rules”. They were approved by most schools and clubs and were later (with only minor changes) adopted as the basis of FA rules. Unfortunately, no copies of the original set of Cambridge Rules have survived. The earliest existing document to which the modern rules of the Football Association can be traced is the set of rules published by Mr Thring in 1862. These were the rules of the game, which Mr. Thring himself defined as “the simplest game.” They had a great influence on the development of football as we know it now.

Rules of the game

There are 17 official rules of the game, each of which contains a list of stipulations and guidelines. These rules are intended to apply at all levels of football, although there are some changes for groups such as juniors, seniors, women and people with disabilities. Laws are very often formulated in general terms, which make their application easier depending on the nature of the game. The rules of the game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).

Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Rules for unofficial competitions may reduce the number of players to a maximum of 7. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play with their hands provided they do so within the penalty area of their own goal. Although there are various positions on the field, these positions are not required.

A separate football game is called a match, which in turn consists of two halves of 45 minutes. The pause between the first and second halves is 15 minutes, during which the teams rest, and at the end of it they change goals.

The goal of the game is to score the ball into the opponent's goal, do this as many times as possible and try to prevent a goal from being scored into your own goal. The match is won by the team that scores the most goals.

If the teams score the same number of goals during two halves, then either a draw is recorded or the winner is determined in accordance with the established regulations of the match. In this case, extra time may be assigned - two more halves of 15 minutes each. As a rule, teams are given a break between the main and extra time of the match. Between extra periods, teams are given only time to change sides. At one time in football there was a rule according to which the winner was the team that scored a goal first (the “golden goal” rule) or won at the end of any of the extra periods (the “silver goal” rule). At the moment, extra time is either not played at all or played in full (2 halves of 15 minutes each). If it is not possible to identify a winner during extra time, a series of post-match penalties are carried out, which are not part of the match: five shots are taken at the opponent’s goal from a distance of 11 meters by different players. If the number of penalties scored by both teams is equal, then one pair of penalties will be taken until a winner is identified.

Basic football attributes.

Matches can be played on both natural and artificial turf fields. According to the official rules of the game of football, artificial turf must be green. The playing field has the shape of a rectangle. The side line must be longer than the goal line. It was decided that the field size should be 100-110 m (110-120 yards) in length and a minimum of 64-75 (70-80 yards) wide, but this requirement was then suspended.

Field markings are made with lines no more than 12 cm (5 inches) wide; these lines are included in the areas they limit. All lines must be the same width.

Name of field lines

The two long lines that border the field of play are called the touchlines; two short lines - front lines. as well as goal lines. because there are gates on them.

middle line

The field is divided into two halves using a halfway line connecting the midpoints of the side lines. A field center mark is made in the middle of the center line - a solid circle with a diameter of 0.3 m (1 ft). A circle with a radius of 9.15 m (10 yards) is drawn around the center of the field. The kick-off is taken from the center field mark at the beginning of each half of regular and extra time, as well as after each goal scored. When taking the kick-off, all players must be in their own half of the field, and the opponents of the team taking the kick must be outside the center circle.

Gate area

On each half of the field, a goal area is marked - the area from which the goal kick is taken.

From a point 5.5 m (6 yards) from the inside of each goal post at right angles to the goal line, two lines are drawn deep into the field. At a distance of 5.5 m (6 yards) these lines are connected by another line parallel to the goal line. Thus, the dimensions of the goal area are 18.32 m (20 yards) by 5.5 m (6 yards).

Penalty area

A penalty area is marked on each half of the field - an area in which the goalkeeper can play with his hands, and a penalty kick will be awarded to the team that commits an offense punishable by a free kick in its penalty area.

From a point 16.5 m (18 yds) from the inside of each goal post, at right angles to the goal line, two lines are drawn deep into the field. At a distance of 16.5 m (18 yards) these lines are connected by another line parallel to the goal line. The dimensions of the penalty area are therefore 40.32 m (44 yards) by 16.5 m (18 yards). Within the penalty area, in the center of the goal line and at a distance of 11 m (12 yards) from it, a penalty mark is drawn - a solid circle with a diameter of 0.3 m (1 foot). Outside the penalty area, an arc of a circle with a radius of 9.15 m (10 yards) is drawn, the center of which is on the penalty mark. This arc is used to position team players when taking a penalty kick.

Corner sectors

In each of the four corners of the field, an arc with a radius of 1 m (or 1 yard) is drawn, centered in the corner of the field, limiting the sector for taking corner kicks.

At a distance of 9.15 m (10 yards) from the boundaries of the corner sectors, marks may be placed on the touch lines and goal lines (on the outside of the lines, adjacent to them at right angles) used to determine the distance at which players are when a corner kick is taken. .

Also, at each corner of the field, flags must be placed on flagpoles at least 1.5 meters (5 feet) high, which do not have points at the top.

The soccer ball must be spherical in shape, used for playing football, the parameters of which are regulated by Rule 2 of the Laws of the Game of Football.

The ball consists of 3 parts: tires, lining and inner tube.

The cover is the outer shell of the ball that is struck.

Lining - the middle shell of the ball, the thickness of which determines the strength of the ball (the thicker, the stronger)

The chamber is the central shell of the ball into which air is pumped for more convenient striking.

Standard provisions

There are set pieces in football. The standard provisions in football are free kicks, free kicks, corner kicks and other kicks that are taken at the signal of the referee.

The standard provisions are:

· Kickoff. It is applied at the beginning of each half, and also after each goal scored. Assigned from the center point of the field (in the central circle)

· Throwing the ball in (out). Throws with his hands from behind the sideline. Appointed after the ball has crossed this very side line. In this case, the opponent of the player who was last touched by the ball before leaving the side line throws the out.

· Goal kick. Applied by the goalkeeper after the ball has completely crossed the goal line (outside the goal area) from a player of the attacking team.

· Corner kick. Applied by a player of the attacking team from the corner sector. Awarded when the ball completely crosses the goal line (outside the goal area) from a player of the defending team.

· Free kick. Appointed in case of a dangerous play against an opponent (failed violation) against the team that committed the dangerous play. Breaks through from the point where the moment of dangerous play occurred. A goal scored from a direct free kick is not counted.

· Free kick. Assigned in case of a violation of the rules against the team that violated the rules. Can only be awarded outside the penalty area of the offending team (if the foul occurred within the penalty area, a penalty kick is awarded). A free kick, like a free kick, is taken from the point of infringement. A goal scored from a direct free kick is counted.

· Penalty. It is applied from a special mark located 11 meters from the gate. Awarded when a player violates the rules in his own penalty area.

· Jump ball. Done by the referee throwing the ball between two opposing players. Invoked when the game was stopped due to a situation not related to the rules.

Violations of the rules

Fouls (violations)

The most common violations are:

· Kicking or attempting to kick an opponent

· Tripping or attempting to trip an opponent

· Jump on an opponent

· Opponent's attack

Pushing your opponent with your hands

· Hit or attempt to hit an opponent

· And others

Unruly behavior

Undisciplined behavior in football can be represented by the following phenomena:

3) Obscene expressions and gestures, etc.

Football structures

There are a number of organizations that control, manage and distribute football. The main one is FIFA, located in Zurich, Switzerland. It organizes international competitions on a global scale, in particular the World Championships. At the continental level, the football population is provided by 6 organizations: CONCACAF, CONMEBOL, UEFA, CAF, AFC, OFC. FIFA is trying to expand football beyond Europe and South America. in 2002 the World Championships were held in Japan and South Korea, and in 2010 in South Africa. Football is most developed in Europe. The 20 richest clubs are located there. Of the 700 players who took part in the 2006 World Cup, 102 played in England, 74 in Germany, 60 in Italy, 58 in France. Players mainly go to Europe because of high salaries and participation in the strongest leagues in the world.

Clubs football sport team ball

A football club is the basic unit of the entire football structure. He is the link between players, staff and organizations. Essentially, this is a team of football players, part of one of the organizations, which has a certain infrastructure and support staff.

Referees keep order on the football field. Their job is to determine if the rules have been broken.

The role of the judge

Before the match, referees must check the goal net and football field markings and analyze the weather conditions. After the game, the referees write a protocol in which they explain all their decisions. During the game, the referee must determine, for example, how much time will be added to the regulation or whether the ball has crossed the goal line or not. If a player, at the discretion of the referee, has violated a rule, he must award a penalty. The referee may issue a warning to the player or stop the match for any reason. On average, a referee runs 10 kilometers per match.

Assistant referees

In addition to the chief referee in football, there are also side referees. They help determine offside situations. They can also tell the head referee in a situation where he did not see a foul or a goal. In 2012, UEFA added a goal referee.

Conclusion

So, we can conclude that football is one of the oldest sports games, the origin of which dates back to the distant past.

It is worth noting that many years of attempts by kings and kings to stop this “dangerous” game failed. Football turned out to be stronger than prohibitions, lived and developed prosperously, acquired a modern form and even became an Olympic sport.

Nowadays, football enjoys national recognition; there is probably not a single person who does not know this sport.

List of sources used

1. Football: Directory / Author. - comp. Chumakov E.M. - M.: Physical education and

sport, 1985.

2. Everything about sports. Handbook, 2nd ed., in 3 volumes - M.: Physical education and

sport, 1988

3. Physical education and sports. Small Encyclopedia - M.: "Rainbow", 1982.

Posted on Allbest.ru

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Plan:

1 Game names
2 General part
- 2.1 History of football
- 2.2 Rules of the game
- 2.3 Football in the world
- 2.4 Tactics
3 Football structures
- 3.1 Organizations
- 3.2 Clubs
4 Competitions
5 Types of football

Introduction

Soccer ball

A glass soccer ball is a prize for winning.

Football(English) football, "foot ball") is a team sport in which the goal is to kick the ball into the opponent's goal with the feet or other parts of the body (except the hands) more times than the opposing team. Currently the most popular and widespread sport in the world.

1. Game names

Full English name association football) was coined to distinguish the game from other forms of football, especially rugby. rugby football). In the 1880s, the abbreviated name “ soccer player"(English) soccer), which is now widely used in a number of English-speaking countries (excluding England, where fans consider it disparaging).

In other languages the name of the game is:

or by borrowing an English word football, just like in Russia - football, in Portugal - a port. futebol.
or by translating the word football, such as in German. Fußball, Greek - Greek. ποδόσφαιρο , Finnish - Finn. jalkapallo, Hebrew - Hebrew. כדורגל ‎, Karelian - Karelian. jalgamiäččy and Adyghe - Adyg. lepeeu.
or derived from the words “kick”, “leg”, etc., as in Italian ital. calcio, Croatian - Croatian. nogomet.

"Football" is the official international name of the game used by FIFA and the IOC.

2. General part

2.1. History of football

Games similar to modern football have existed for quite a long time among different nations, but the first recorded rules date back to 1848. The birth date of football is considered to be 1863, when the first Football Association was organized and rules similar to modern ones were drawn up. The history of football began a very long time ago. For example, in Egypt, Germany, and China there were games similar to football. The most successful of them was called harpastum and was invented by the Italians. But when modern football appeared, harpastum was forgotten. When the British invented football, they immediately began to popularize it in all countries, including Russia. At that time, many English teams participated in the championship. Football in Russia was first mentioned in the book of one of the doctors [ whom?] “games with a ball in the air.”

2.2. Rules of the game

Football is played on a field with grass or synthetic surface. The game involves two teams: each from 7 to 11 people. One person on the team (the goalkeeper) can play with his hands in the penalty area near his goal; his main task is to protect the goal. The rest of the players also have their own tasks and positions on the field. The defenders are located mainly in their own half of the field, their task is to counteract the attacking players of the opposing team. Midfielders operate in the middle of the field, their role is to help defenders or attackers depending on the game situation. The attackers are located mainly in the opponent's half of the field, the main task is to score goals.

If the teams score the same number of goals during two halves, then either a draw is recorded or the winner is determined in accordance with the established regulations of the match. In this case, additional time may be assigned - two more halves of 15 minutes each. As a rule, teams are given a break between the main and extra time of the match. Between extra periods, teams are given only time to change sides. At one time in football there was a rule according to which the winner was the team that scored a goal first (the “golden goal” rule) or won at the end of any of the extra periods (the “silver goal” rule). At the moment, extra time is either not played at all or played in full (2 halves of 15 minutes each). If it is not possible to identify a winner during extra time, a series of post-match penalties are carried out, which are not part of the match: five shots are taken at the opponent’s goal from a distance of 11 meters by different players. If the number of penalties scored by both teams is equal, then one pair of penalties will be taken until a winner is identified.

2.3. Football in the world

Child playing football

According to a statement by FIFA in 2001, about 250 million people played football on the planet. Of these, more than 20 million are women. There are approximately 1.5 million registered teams and 300,000 professional clubs.

In the distribution by country, the United States is in first place (approximately 18 million, of which 40% are women), followed by Indonesia (10 million), Mexico (7.4 million), China (7.2 million), Brazil (7 million), Germany (6.2 million), Bangladesh (5.2 million), Italy (4 million), Russia (3.8 million).

2.4. Tactics

Since football is a team game, mutual understanding of the players and the ability to conduct competent joint actions come first. The tactical formation of the players is important. The most common tactical formation in modern football is to play with four defenders, four midfielders and two strikers - 4-4-2. There are a great variety of schemes, but the very concept of a scheme, as well as the concept of the roles of players, is quite relative. Depending on the qualifications of the players, their responsibilities on the field may extend significantly beyond their role. So, often, according to the coach’s plan, midfielders, especially wingers (and sometimes even central defenders) play the role of attackers. In connection with the development of football theory and the universalization of players, some previously widely known schemes (for example, the Brazilian attacking formation “double-ve” or the defensive system with a free defender) and many football terms (“insider”, “libero”, etc.) have become anachronistic .).

3. Football structures

3.1. Organizations

There are a number of organizations that control, manage and distribute football. The main one is FIFA, located in Zurich, Switzerland. It organizes international competitions on a global scale, in particular the World Championships. Next come continental organizations and organizations by country, region and city, etc. Each has responsibilities for organizing relevant football competitions, monitoring the activities of their member clubs, distributing and popularizing football in the region.

3.2. Clubs

Municipal educational institution Cadet school

Essay

on the topic: History of the development of football

Chistopol 2011

Introduction

Every person has heard the word “football” more than once. In my essay I want to talk about the history of the development of football, their tactics in the game. Football (English football, “football”) is a team sport in which the goal is to kick the ball into the opponent’s goal with your feet or other parts of the body (except hands) more times than the opposing team. Currently the most popular and widespread sport in the world. Football is played on a field with a special covering made of grass or synthetic material. The two teams participating in the game have up to eleven players, each of whom has a specific role in the game and a specific location in their half of the field. The goalkeeper protects the goal from being hit by the ball, in addition, only he from the entire team is allowed to play with his hands, but only in his own penalty area near the goal. Defenders interfere with the opposing team's players, preventing them from approaching the goal with the ball and scoring a goal. Forwards participate in the game most actively, their role is reduced to scoring goals for opponents, coming up with the necessary actions and game techniques. Midfielders are located in the center of the field and, depending on the situation, help either defenders or attackers. As many people know, the main goal of the game is to hit the ball into the opponent's goal, and the use of hands is not allowed. Each team has its own uniform, club (country) badge, stadium, sponsor. The best football tournament is the FIFA World Cup, which is held every four years. Many countries around the world take part in the championship.

1. Various football names

The full English name (English association football) was coined to distinguish this game from other varieties of football, especially rugby football. In the 1880s, the abbreviated name “soccer” appeared, which today has become widespread in a number of English-speaking countries (excluding England, where fans consider it disparaging).

In other languages the name of the game is:

or by borrowing the English word football, as in Russia - football, in Portugal - port. futebol.

or by translating the word football, such as in German. Fußball, Greek - Greek, ποδόσφαιρο, Finnish - Finn. jalkapallo, Hebrew - Hebrew. כדורגל‎ and Karelian - Karelsk. jalgamiäččy.

or derived from the words “kick”, “leg”, etc., as in Italian. calcio, Croatian - Croatian. nogomet.

"Football" is the official international name of the game used by FIFA and the IOC.

2. Football history

Football is the most popular team game in the world, where you have to fight for a small number of points. The history of the “football” goes back many centuries. Various ball games similar to football were played in the countries of the Ancient East (Egypt, China), in the ancient world (Greece, Rome), in France (“pas soup”), in Italy (“calcio”) and in England. The immediate predecessor of European football was, in all likelihood, the Roman "Harpastum". In this game, which was one of the types of military training for legionnaires, the ball had to be passed between two posts. In Ancient Egypt, a game similar to football was known in 1900 BC. e. In Ancient Greece, the game of ball was popular in various forms in the 4th century. BC BC, as evidenced by the image of a young man juggling a ball on an ancient Greek amphora kept in a museum in Athens. Among the warriors of Sparta, the ball game “episkyros” was popular, which was played with both hands and feet. The Romans called this game “harpastum” (“hand ball”) and slightly modified the rules. Their game was brutal. It was thanks to the Roman conquerors of games and ball in the 1st century. n. e. became well known in the British Isles, quickly gaining recognition among the native Britons and Celts. The Britons turned out to be worthy students - in 217 AD. e. in Derby they defeated the team of Roman legionnaires for the first time.

Around the 5th century. this game disappeared along with the Roman Empire, but the memory of it remained among Europeans, and especially in Italy. Even the great Leonardo da Vinci, whom his contemporaries characterized as a reserved man, restrained in expressing emotions, did not remain indifferent to her. In his “biographies of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects” we read: “if he wanted to distinguish himself, he found himself not exclusively in painting or sculpture, but competed in the game of football, beloved by Florentine youths.” When in the 17th century. supporters of the executed English king Charles I fled to Italy, they became acquainted with this game there, and after Charles II ascended the throne in 1660, they brought it to England, where it became a court game. Medieval football in England was extremely passionate and rough, and the game itself was, in essence, a wild fight in the streets. The English and Scots played for life and death. It is not surprising that the authorities waged a stubborn war on football; Even royal orders were issued banning the game. On April 13, 1314, the royal decree of Edward II was read to the residents of London, prohibiting the game in the city on pain of imprisonment... In 1365 it was the turn of Edward III to ban football, due to the fact that the troops preferred this game to improving their archery skills. Richard II, in his ban in 1389, mentioned football, dice, and tennis. The T-shirt was liked and eaten by poor English monarchs - from Henry IV to James P.

But the popularity of football in England was so great that even royal decrees could not prevent it. It was in England that this game was called “football,” although this did not happen when the game was officially recognized, but when it was banned. At the beginning of the 19th century. In Great Britain there was a transition from “crowd football” to organized football, the first rules of which were developed in 1846 at Rugby School and two years later refined in Cambridge. And in 1857, the world's first football club was organized in Sheffield. Six years later, representatives of 7 clubs gathered in London to develop common rules of the game and organize the National Football Association.

It was formed in 1863, and the world's first official rules of the game were developed, which received universal recognition several decades later. Three of the thirteen paragraphs of these rules indicated the prohibition of playing with hands in various situations. It was not until 1871 that a goalkeeper was allowed to play with his hands. The rules strictly defined the size of the field (200x100 yards, or 180x90 m) and the yard (8 yards, or 7 m32 cm, remained unchanged). Until the end of the 19th century. The English Football Association introduced a number of other changes: the size of the ball was determined (1871); corner kick was introduced (1872); from 1878 the judge began to use a whistle; Since 1891, a net appeared on the goal and an 11-meter free kick (penalty) began to be taken. In 1875, the rope connecting the poles was replaced by a crossbar at a height of 2.44 m from the ground. And goal nets were used and patented by the Englishman Brodie from Liverpool in 1890. A referee on a football field first appeared in 1880-1881. Since 1891, referees began to enter the field with two assistants. Changes and improvements in the rules certainly influenced the tactics and technique of the game. The history of international football meetings dates back to 1873. It began with a match between the national teams of England and Scotland, which ended in a draw with a score of 0:0. Since 1884, the first official international tournaments with the participation of football players from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland began to take place in the British Isles (such tournaments are still held annually).

At the end of the 19th century. Football began to quickly gain popularity in Europe and Latin America.

In 1904, on the initiative of Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Switzerland, the International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA) was created.

3. Rules of playing football

If the teams score the same number of goals during two halves, then either a draw is recorded or the winner is determined in accordance with the established regulations of the match. In this case, additional time may be assigned - two more halves of 15 minutes each. As a rule, teams are given a break between the main and extra time of the match. Between extra periods, teams are given only time to change sides. At one time in football there was a rule according to which the winner was the team that scored a goal first (the “golden goal” rule) or won at the end of any of the extra periods (the “silver goal” rule). At the moment, extra time is either not played at all or played in full (2 halves of 15 minutes each). If it is not possible to identify a winner during extra time, a series of post-match penalties are carried out, which are not part of the match: five shots are taken at the opponent’s goal from a distance of 11 meters by different players. If the number of penalties scored by both teams is equal, then one pair of penalties will be taken until a winner is identified.

4. Football in the world

5. Tactics

5.1 General provisions

Tactics should be understood as the organization of individual and collective actions of players aimed at achieving victory over an opponent, i.e. interaction between team players according to a specific plan that allows them to successfully fight the opponent. The ability to correctly solve problems of neutralizing opponents and successfully use one’s capabilities in attacks characterizes the tactical maturity of both the team as a whole and its individual players. A team can achieve success only with well-organized and necessarily active actions of all players in attack and defense. The tactics of the game are continuously improved as a result of the constant struggle between attack and defense. It is this struggle that is the main driving force in the development of football tactics. Classification There are two large sections of tactics: attack tactics (Fig. 38) and defensive tactics (Fig. 39). They, in turn, are divided into subsections: individual, group and team tactics. Within these subsections there are groups of tactical actions performed in various ways.

5.2 Player functions

Skillful organization of the team's attacking and defensive actions is achieved by a clear distribution of functions between individual players and groups of players. In modern football, players are divided according to their functional responsibilities into goalkeepers, defensive line players, mid-line players and attack line players. In modern football, despite their specialization, each player is required to skillfully perform all technical techniques and act competently in attack and defense, depending on the game situation.

5.3 Goalkeeper

The goalkeeper is the only player on the team who is allowed by the rules of the game to touch the ball with his hands in his own penalty area. Hence the goalkeeper’s main task is to directly protect his goal. Another important function of a goalkeeper is organizing the initial phase of his team’s attacking actions.

5.4 Defensive line players

Among the defensive players, individual football players also perform various functional duties. Full backs must combine solid defensive play with active attacking moves down the flanks. When defending themselves, football players of this role must have the skills of personal guarding the opponent, skillfully act with the zone method of defense, the “line” system of play. In attack, full backs are required to skillfully open up in cases where the goalkeeper or teammate has gained possession of the ball. Having received the ball, they must either move forward with it or pass it to their partners in a timely and accurate manner. The functions of full-backs include an unexpected connection to active offensive actions on the flank and interchangeability with other players. Central defenders are key players in the defensive line, as they operate in the central, most dangerous space for scoring goals. Players in this role must be tall and have excellent jumping ability to successfully conduct combat in the air. In the case of an appropriate formation, the front central defender must combine personal play on assignment with actions in the zone, and have good skills in insuring partners. Having gained possession of the ball, the forward central defender quickly moves forward, joining the attack, or passes to teammates. In some episodes, he supports the attack “on the second floor” and, when possible, uses a shot on goal. The back central defender must subtly understand the tactical situation, “read” the opponent’s possible tactical moves and take the correct defensive position to gain possession of the ball and secure his teammates. His main tasks are coordinating all the actions of the defenders and playing in the zone, interacting with the goalkeeper and partners, and organizing the offside position. When switching to an attack, the back central defender opens up to receive the ball from the goalkeeper or teammates, and then continues the development of the attack with accurate and varied passes. Occasionally, he himself joins the attack, trying to make maximum use of the relative freedom to create acute situations, and sometimes completes the attack with a strike from long or medium distance. The functions of defenders are developing towards universalization and bringing their actions closer to the actions of midline players.

5.5 Mid laners

football game tactics goalkeeper

The actions of midfielders are considered one of the main factors in the team's successful performance. Players of this specialization must have excellent functional training, ensuring high performance throughout the match, be active in attacking and defensive actions, create and maintain a high tempo of the game. The players of this line are subject to increased demands on tactical preparedness, as they coordinate the interaction of all partners both in attack and defense. The versatility of the functions of midfielders should be based on high performance skills. As a rule, high-class midline players have a strong, well-placed shot. The team's midline should be staffed with players who successfully operate in a variety of tactical terms. Wing midfielders, in addition to good skills in playing as full-backs, must also skillfully operate on the attacking flanks. Ideally, due to their versatility and high functional training, players in this role can completely cover the edge of the field, performing increased volumes of high-speed “shuttle” work per match. The defensive central midfielders are positioned directly in front of their team's defensive line; their task is to impose a fight on the opponent, not to let him directly to their goal, to counteract passes and shots to them. Defensive midfielders organize the transition from defense to attack and further develop the attack. Long ball transfers are often used. Playing central midfielders are positioned under their team's forwards. Their responsibilities include controlling the middle of the field and ensuring the team has long possession of the ball, and therefore the initiative. These are connecting players, creators of the team’s game, setting the direction of attacking actions and actively participating in their completion.

5.6 Offensive line players

In modern football, attackers do not have a specific position on the football field, positioning themselves and choosing the direction of their attacking actions in accordance with their capabilities, without violating team tactics. It is advisable to put a tall, powerful forward at the forefront of the attack with the task of trying to “push” the defense in the most dangerous central zone, completing high passes from partners, pulling several defenders towards himself, thereby freeing the hands of partners. Fast, agile forwards tend to play across the entire attacking front. They are able to carry out a high-speed individual maneuver on the flank with a subsequent pass or “cross” of the ball into the penalty area, receive a pass along the way from a partner into the free zone and, running away from the defenders, hit the opponent’s goal. When switching to defense after the breakdown of their attack, the attackers enter into single combat with the nearest opponent in possession of the ball, or block a certain zone.

5.7 Attack tactics

Attack tactics refers to the organization of actions by the team in possession of the ball to score the opponent's goal. Attack actions are divided into individual, group and team.

5.8 Individual tactics

Individual attack tactics are the purposeful actions of a football player, his ability to choose the most correct one from several possible solutions to a given game situation, the ability of a football player, if his team has the ball, to escape from the control of the opponent, to find and create playing space for himself and his partners, and if you need to win the fight with the defenders. Action without the ball. These include opening up, distracting the opponent and creating a numerical advantage in a particular area of the field. Opening is the movement of a football player in order to create favorable conditions for receiving the ball from a partner. The opening must be performed unexpectedly for the opponent and at high speed. This allows you to break away from your opponent and create a certain amount of space to receive the ball. The opening should not make it difficult for other partners to operate without the ball. It is not recommended to get too close to the player in possession of the ball - this slows down the progress of the attack. We must be careful not to be in an offside position. Distracting an opponent is a complex movement into a certain area in order to lead a guard with him and thereby provide freedom of action to a teammate who has the ball or is in a more advantageous position to directly threaten the goal. When performing distracting actions, it is necessary to remember that movements must be convincing, i.e. really create a threat and thereby force defenders to follow the mover. Creating a numerical advantage in a separate area of the field is the expedient movement of one or a group of players into the area where the partner with the ball is located. This creates a numerical advantage in a certain area of the field, which can be used to beat an opponent in single combat or through a combination. Most often, this tactical action is used during an attack involving a significant number of players. Actions with the ball. The main options for the player in possession of the ball are: dribbling, dribbling, hitting, passing and stopping the ball, i.e. all technical methods. Dribbling as a tactical means is advisable to use in cases where the partners of the player in possession of the ball are covered by opponents and there is no opportunity for a pass. Then the player must begin moving with the ball along the length or width of the field in order to gain time for partners to open up or to get into a striking position himself. Dribbling is the action of a player with the ball in order to win a duel with an opponent. This is the most important means of individual overcoming defense. The following types of dribbling are distinguished: with a change in the speed of movement, with a change in the direction of movement, deceptive movements (feints). Dribbling with changes in speed is most effective when dribbling the ball along the sideline of the field or when the player with the ball moves diagonally. Stroke with a change in direction of movement is used in two versions. In the case when the defender is in front of the player with the ball, having approached him at a distance of 5-6 m, the attacker moves to the side. If the defender does not react to this action, the attacker sharply increases speed and leaves the opponent behind. If the defender begins to move in a new direction, the attacker suddenly changes it again and picks up speed. The second option is used when the defender is behind or behind and to the side and moving in the same direction as the player with the ball. At the moment the defender approaches the attacker, the latter abruptly stops the ball and, turning 180°, continues to move past the defender. This type of dribble is especially beneficial for longitudinal and diagonal movements of the player with the ball. Dribbling with the help of deceptive movements (feints) is the most effective means of conducting martial arts in a relatively small playing space (actions in the opponents' penalty area, etc.). Shots on goal are the main means of completing all attacking actions. When performing them, it is necessary to take into account many tactical aspects: assessing the goalkeeper’s position, choosing the method of striking and its strength, the surprise and timeliness of its application. Passing is the interaction of two players when the ball is sent by one of them to the other. At the same time, transmission is a means of interaction between two or three athletes, i.e. group action. According to the purpose of the passes, they are divided into passes to the legs, to the exit, to the strike, to the “miss”, and “shooting”. By distance they are classified into short (5-10 m), medium (10-25 m) and long (more than 25 m). Depending on the direction, they are longitudinal, diagonal and transverse. According to the trajectory of execution, transmissions are distinguished between bottom, top and arc, and according to the method of execution, soft, cut and tilting. Each pass can be effective in certain situations (fast or slow opponent, whether he is active in interceptions or prefers to tackle the ball, good or bad header, etc.), which must be taken into account by the player performing it. Factors influencing the effectiveness of passes are the technical skill of the football player, the ability to see the field, tactical thinking, and the maneuverability of partners. The success of defensive actions depends not only on the coordinated actions of a group of players, but also on their ability to act individually against an opponent in possession of the ball and without it. An action against a player without a ball. These include covering and intercepting the ball. Closing is the movement of the defending team to get into the right position to make it difficult for the opposition to receive the ball. Closing occurs when the opponent threatens the goal with his immediate position or can create an advantageous position for scoring a goal through his actions. The closer the opponent is to the goal, the tighter you need to close it. An interception is a timely, proactive approach to the ball by a player of the defending team to disrupt the opponent’s attacking actions. When intercepting, the player must correctly assess the situation and choose the most appropriate technical means of intercepting the ball.

Acting against a player in possession of the ball, the player seeks to take the ball, prevent its transfer, enter an acute position with the ball, or strike. Depending on the situation, tackling the ball is performed using one of the previously described techniques: kicking, stopping with the foot or pushing with the shoulder. Counter-passing is used when the opponent's teammate is in an advantageous position. The defender approaches the opponent with the ball 2-3 m and prevents him from making an accurate pass. Countering the dribble is used when the opponent moves with the ball towards the goal and aims to prevent him from getting into an advantageous position.

To do this, the defender, as a rule, aligns himself with the moving opponent on a parallel course and tries to push him to the side line or pass the ball across the field.

Countering a shot is used when the attacker will aim to hit the shot close to the penalty area. In this case, the defender needs to concentrate all his attention on the opponent’s legs, not missing the moment of the swing of the kicking leg, in order to have time to put his leg in the path of the intended flight of the ball.

5.9 Group tactics

Group tactics solves the interaction of two or more players on the football field, called combinations. The whole game consists of a chain of combinations and counteractions to them. It is customary to distinguish between two main types of combinations: in “standard” positions and during a game episode. Combinations in “standard” positions. These include interactions during a throw-in, corner kick, free kick, free kick, and goal kick. Played combinations allow you to pre-position players in the most advantageous areas of the field. Each of them has options. They are carried out after the team has taken possession of the ball. Group actions in game episodes are divided into interactions in pairs, threes, etc. Interactions between two partners include combinations of “wall”, “crossing”, “one-touch pass”. The wall combination is one of the most effective ways to beat a defender with the help of a partner. The player with the ball, getting close to his partner, suddenly sends him the ball and rushes behind the defender at maximum speed. The partner returns the ball to the first player with one touch in such a way that he takes possession of it without reducing his running speed, and the defenders cannot interfere with him or intercept the ball. The “crossing” combination is most often used in the middle of the field or on the approaches to the penalty area. The player leaves the ball at a certain point and continues moving in the original direction. His partner, moving synchronously, picks up the ball and goes with it into the free zone. The “one-touch pass” combination provides for one of the partners to quickly move to a new position. At the same time, the use of such passes does not allow defenders to get close to one of the attackers to take the ball. The interactions of three partners include such types of combinations as “interchangeability”, “passing the ball”, “one-touch pass”. The “interchangeability” combination can be successfully used in any part of the field. A variant of this is to connect the full-back to the attack along the flank. After receiving the ball from a teammate, that defender moves forward along the sideline. A partner moves towards him, pursued by an opponent. Without getting close to him, the defender suddenly passes to the third player deep in the field and makes a high-speed dash along the flank behind the approaching opponent. A return pass immediately follows into the area vacated on the flank for the full-back to move, and his place in the defense is taken by a partner moving towards him. The “passing the ball” combination is successfully used when completing flank attacks directly in the opponent’s penalty area. After a strong cross (“shooting”) pass along the goal, the player actively goes to it, simulating a shot at the goal. However, instead of hitting, he unexpectedly passes the ball to his partner, who finds himself without the guardianship of a defender. The one-touch pass combination with three partners is performed in compliance with the same principles as with two. Most often this combination is carried out in a triangle. During the training process, you should learn the structure of the combination, its meaning, and the basic principles of execution. The entire football match consists of a combination of simple, high-level played and complex multi-move tactical combinations with a large number of players involved. But multi-move combinations essentially consist of a series of simple combinations following one after another.

5.10 Team tactics

Team tactics is the organization of collective actions of the entire team in solving problems that arise in a specific game situation. In any tactical formation, team tactics are carried out through two types of actions: quick and gradual attack. A quick attack is the most effective way to organize attacking actions. Its essence is that through a minimum number of passes, an attack is organized at high speed with the player entering a position advantageous for scoring a goal. In this case, opponents do not have enough time to regroup their forces on defense. There are three phases of a fast attack. The initial phase is the transition from defense to attack through a quick first pass and the return of the players involved in the defense to their positions in the attack line. Developing an attack is breaking through the opponents’ defense before they have time to strengthen and organize actions to neutralize the attack. Completing the attack is creating a scoring situation and hitting the goal. The most common type of organizing a team's attacking actions is a gradual attack. It creates the possibility of long-term control over the ball, since combinations are carried out using short and medium passes. In contrast to a quick attack, the organization of an attack involves a significant number of players performing various tactical maneuvers in order to break through defensive formations in one of the opponent’s defense links. With a gradual attack, the following phases are distinguished. The initial phase is the transition from defense to attack, returning the attacking players who participated in the defense to their places in the attack line and passing the ball to one of the open defenders. Development of an attack is a gradual advance towards the opponent’s goal, carried out through various combinations with the creation of a numerical advantage in certain areas of the field and individual actions of the attackers. Completing an attack is creating a scoring situation in order to bring one of the attackers into a striking position. Group tactics in defense involve the organized action of two or more players against any opponent threatening the goal, and are aimed at assisting partners. Methods of interaction between two players in defense include insurance, countering the “wall” and “crossing” combinations. Insurance is one of the ways of mutual assistance during the game, which is aimed at choosing a position and subsequent actions in order, if necessary, to correct a mistake made by a defensive partner. When countering a “wall” combination, the main point is the choice of position in relation to the opponent who received the first pass. You should take a place near him in such a way as to knock the ball out, make it difficult for him to complete a return pass, or force him to change his original decision. The counter to the “crossing” combination is that at the moment it is carried out, the defenders focus on the actions of the players they are guarding, especially on the opponent who ends up with the ball, in order to block his path to the goal. Methods of interaction between three or more players include specially organized counteractions: building a “wall” and creating an artificial offside position. In the case when the opponent, having seized the initiative, persistently attacks and strives forward, and his attackers strive to open themselves sharply in front of the goal, a very effective defensive technique is to create an artificial offside position. The defenders are positioned in close proximity to the opponent’s attackers and, at the latter’s command, before making a pass towards the attackers, they synchronously move forward, leaving them behind them. The art of creating an offside position depends primarily on the coordination of the defensive line players. A good tactical means of playing defense is to organize and build a “wall”. The “wall” is used by the team into whose goal a free kick or penalty kick is awarded. Defenders line up a group of players with the goal of blocking the path of the ball when it is struck in the immediate vicinity of the goal. The installation of the “wall” is directed by the goalkeeper, who, as a rule, tries to block the near corner of the goal from a direct blow from his partners, while he himself protects the far one. The basis of team play in defense is the organized tactical actions of players against attacking opponents. Depending on the structure and nature of the attacking actions, team actions in defense include defense against a rapid attack and a gradual attack. Defense against a fast attack provides for, in the event of the loss of the ball during an attack by his team, the players closest to him to immediately enter the fight in order to regain possession of the ball or prevent him from making the first pass. By concentrating players in certain areas of the field, an attempt is made to prevent the opponents from quickly maneuvering and to close the main routes to the goal. It is very important to neutralize the players who, as a rule, are addressed with the first pass. When defending against a gradual attack, the defending team, at the moment of losing the ball, prefers to retreat back without actively fighting, organizing coordinated defensive actions in its half of the field. When an attack develops, defensive players concentrate in the direction of the attack or disperse along the front and actively participate in the struggle for space and the ball with the obligatory organization of insurance. As the opponent approaches the goal, defenders must create screens in dangerous areas to make it difficult for their players to enter a shooting position. In addition to the general principles of playing defense against a fast and gradual attack, a number of ways to organize team actions in defense can be identified.

Personal defense is an organization of defense with strict responsibility of each defending player for the opponent assigned to him.

Zone defense is a tactical way of playing defense, in which each player controls a certain area of the field and enters into a fight for the ball with any opponent who appears within its boundaries. Combined defense is the most common in modern football. At the same time, some players may be assigned to guard their opponents exclusively, while others may play primarily in the zone.

5.11 Defense tactics

Defensive tactics involve organizing the actions of the team not in possession of the ball, aimed at neutralizing the attacking actions of the opponents. As in attack, defensive play consists of individual, group and team actions.

5.12 Goalkeeper tactics

Modern football requires the goalkeeper to not only skillfully defend the goal, but also active actions within the penalty area, as well as leadership of all defenders. Additionally, the goalkeeper starts a significant amount of his team's attacks. In tactics

5.13 Defensive actions of the goalkeeper

The goalkeeper's main task is to directly protect his goal. In this case, we can highlight the goalkeeper’s performance in the goal and at the exits. Actions at the goal include choosing the right position that allows the goalkeeper to ensure the desired reception of the opponent’s shots with the least amount of effort. In addition, experienced goalkeepers carefully study the actions of their opponents in order to determine the favorite directions of their attackers' shots. When choosing a course of action to save a shot, a goalkeeper must be able to assess the strengths and weaknesses of his game. Output actions are used by the goalkeeper if it is necessary to intercept the opponent’s serves or “crosses” or engage in single combat with him (for example, when the attackers go one-on-one with the goalkeeper). The goalkeeper must leave the goal in case of emergency, being confident that he will have time to intercept the ball, taking into account the location of other players in the penalty area.

5.14 Goalkeeper actions in attack

An important task of the goalkeeper is to organize the initial phase of his team’s attacking actions, after he has taken possession of the ball during a play episode or has received the right to take a goal kick. Organizing an attack during a goal kick involves performing an accurate and timely pass to one of the partners. One of the options is to use practiced combinations of playing the ball, another is to pass the ball to a partner who has opened in an advantageous position. The goalkeeper must remember the general principles of using passes of different lengths: the shorter the pass, the lower the percentage of losses; the longer the transmission, the sharper it is, the greater the amount of justified risk. The organization of a return attack is used when the goalkeeper, during a game episode, takes possession of the ball and begins a response attacking action by passing the ball with his hand or kicking it. It should be taken into account that with your hand you can direct the ball to your partner more accurately, and when you kick, the distance increases, but at the same time the accuracy of the pass decreases. When choosing a method for organizing a response attack, the goalkeeper is guided by the tactical plan of the team’s attacking actions, an assessment of the game situation on the field and the positions of his partners, the results of his partners’ combats with opponents on the ground and in the air, as well as the principle of maximum security for his goal.

5.15 Managing the actions of partners

When assessing the game situation, the goalkeeper is obliged to briefly and clearly give instructions to his partners about the direction of development of the enemy’s attack, about changes to guarding and insurance. All this must be done without losing control of the ball, even in moments when the goalkeeper himself is in a fight. The actions in defense, its stability and reliability largely depend on the mutual understanding of the goalkeeper and defenders. It should be added that the goalkeeper alone controls the construction of the “wall” during penalty kicks and free kicks in the immediate vicinity of the goal, as well as the actions of partners during corner kicks.

5.16 Evolution of game tactics

The tactical system is the organization of team game actions, in which the functions of each player and their placement on the football field are determined. Tactical systems for playing the game are designed to balance the balance between the forces of attack and defense, which is the main factor in the development of the football game. The progress of football is due to the fact that one tactical system is replaced by another, more progressive one. Such a change in tactical systems occurs over significant periods of time.

5.17 Five in a line system

The first clearly developed system was the “five in a line” system (Fig. 40), created by the English club Nottenham Forest in the 80s of the last century. Its name comes from the formation of the front line players. Under this system, the team had two defenders, three midfielders and five strikers. The key position was occupied by the central midfielder, who connected the attackers with the defenders and was the organizer of the team’s entire game. Under this system, one of the defenders constantly moved forward in order to create an artificial offside position, and this led to a sharp decrease in effectiveness. Radical measures were needed. And in 1925, the International Football Federation made changes to the interpretation of the offside clause. Now the attacking player, at the moment the ball was passed to him, only had to have not three opponents in front of him, but two. The first years after the rule change were marked by the complete superiority of attack over defense. Having gained freedom of maneuver along the length of the field, the attackers began to quite easily enter the penalty area and score a large number of goals. It was necessary to look for effective means of protecting the gates.

5.18 Double-ve system

In 1932, Arsenal manager Chapman pulled back the central midfielder to strengthen the defense of the most dangerous area in front of goal, turning him into a central defender. This naturally led to changes in the positioning of other players and served as the basis for the development of a new tactical system, which received recognition under the name “double-ve”, or the three-back system (Fig. 41). A “magic square” appeared in the middle of the field, including two welterweights and two midfielders. It was these four who organized both the attacking and defensive actions of the team. For a certain period of time, a balanced state of attack and defense forces was established. However, due to the fact that it is always easier to destroy than to create, after a while the advantage was on the side of the defense.

5.19 System 1-4-2-4

The 1958 Swedish World Cup ended with a convincing victory for the Brazilian national team and, as it were, summed up the evolution of football tactics in the 50s. XX century The Brazilians owed much of their success to the new tactical system (Fig. 42). The players were positioned in three lines: four defenders, four forwards and two midfielders. The main advantage of the system is the concentration of players in the defensive line, which allows the use of the zone principle of organizing team actions and reliable insurance in the most dangerous zone for scoring a goal. Having quickly realized the advantages of the new tactical scheme, all teams began tactical rearmament. At the 1962 World Championships in Chile, all participants played according to the Brazilian system. All except one team - Brazil.

5.20 System 1-4-3-3

Keeping the formation of the defensive line the same, the Brazilians regrouped the remaining two, moving one of the attackers to the middle of the field, thereby significantly strengthening the midfield link (Fig. 43). The presence of three players in the middle line allows you to actively involve at least two of them in the attack. The possibility of interchangeability and insurance of flank players has increased. With this system, one of the central defenders gets the opportunity to actively participate in the attack.

5.21 System 1-4-4-2

This system is known as a variation of the “four back” system. The players line up in three lines. Midfield players, as well as full-backs, fill the free attack zones, constantly changing the direction of its development and thereby complicating the organization of defense. At the slightest opportunity, one of the central defenders joins the attack.

5.22 Modern tactical systems

One of the main directions in the development of modern football is the tendency to strengthen the offensive power of the team by increasing the mobility of players, their versatility and a clearer organization of the game. At the X FIFA World Cup in 1974, new principles of playing the game of so-called “total” football were recognized. This means the organized actions of all players, their great activity in any offensive and defensive episodes. An essential feature of “total” football is the universalism of players. Playing within the framework of a certain tactical system, they are in constant motion, act improvisedly and are able to change the nature of the game in the direction desired by the team unexpectedly and quickly. Characteristic of modern football is that attack and defense are massive in nature and are well combined with individual methods of play. The clear interchangeability of players from different lines allows for the successful use of mid-line and flank players in the attack without compromising the defense. Currently, the improvement of modern tactical schemes continues, and many teams successfully use the following tactical modifications: 1-4-1-3-2; 1-4-3-1-2 and 1-3-5-2. With all these constructions, there is a tendency to create a universal system that can be modified during the game.

6. Football structures

6.1 Organizations

There are a number of organizations that control, manage and distribute football. The main one is FIFA, located in Zurich, Switzerland. It organizes international competitions on a global scale, in particular the World Championships. Next come continental organizations and organizations by country, region and city, etc. Each has responsibilities for organizing relevant football competitions, monitoring the activities of their member clubs, distributing and popularizing football in the region.

6.2 Football clubs

7. Football hooligans

Football hooligans are the most aggressive representatives of the fan community, who, as their main hobby, choose to organize a kind of “fight club” with the same fans of the enemy football team’s camp. This caste of fans is the smallest and most closed. It is quite difficult to become one of them, but if you succeed, you should know that it will last for a long time. The Brimson brothers, English writers, compared football violence with smoking in their book: if after you tried it the first time and you didn’t like it, then you won’t do it the second time, but if you liked it, then getting rid of such a “hobby” will be very difficult.

Why do people do this? Without going into too much detail, this behavior can be explained by the fact that some people actually like to create football-related violence. This behavior should not be attributed to lack of education, poor upbringing, or another social theory about a difficult childhood. Everyone knows that anyone can be a football hooligan. Regardless of belonging to a social group, social position, personal well-being, or other similar factors.

From a poor student to a rich top manager, anyone can turn out to be a football hooligan. Work, money, career, none of this plays a special role in the life of a football hooligan. Perhaps this is what attracts people to the ranks of such ardent football fans. After all, football hooliganism provides an opportunity in the world of genetic engineering and digital technology to experience the long-lost sensations of male brotherhood. In any situation, this is all a matter of purely personal choice made by a particular person. Some people like to collect postage stamps or butterflies, others need to conquer Chomolungma or Mont Blanc, and others find pleasure in racing with fans of another (hostile) club. Of course, compared to other, even the most extreme, hobbies, modern football violence stands out significantly due to its high level of social danger. Whatever one may say, the country’s criminal code has several relevant articles (in particular, mass riots, causing harm to property and health, hooliganism). That is why the commission of actions provided for by the criminal code entails criminal liability. True, before sending people involved in football hooliganism to jail, you should still familiarize yourself with some comments regarding both the essence and nature of this phenomenon. After all, if you learn more about this phenomenon, you will be able to correctly form an adequate attitude towards football hooligans.

At first glance, the main complaint put forward by hooligans is quite clear - fights create a threat to harm the property and health of citizens. True, this public discontent, in fact, loses its practical meaning, because it conflicts with one of the main unspoken laws of this closed community - football hooligans cannot attack civilians. That's why they fight only with their own kind. It is for this reason that if someone tells you (or you may have read somewhere) a scary story about football hooligans robbing old women and beating babies - don’t believe it! This is all untrue. “Firms” (and this is the name the hooligans themselves gave to their own groups) fight only with warring “firms”. As a matter of fact, this is precisely the purpose of creating such groups, because it is from defeating hooligans that they get their “high.” Let us note that football violence has long been transformed into an almost completely closed, one might even say, elite hobby. For example, if we now publish a list of the most significant and grandiose fights that have occurred in our country over the past two years, then most of them will be unknown to the general public. The fact is that such fights become known only for the reason that their participants, due to their own desire to boast of a new victory and, perhaps, ambition, decided to “take a steam bath” a little.

For this reason, all conversations about fascist thugs in stadiums, who with their own bloody fights scare away real football connoisseurs and put the health and lives of innocent people at great risk, can be considered the fruit of the imagination of journalists, as well as the fevered imagination of people who, most often, like since people don’t visit stadiums. That is why all those who go to stadiums know very well that there is no danger for fans now. This even applies to football matches such as CSKA - Spartak. The thing is that violence has long left the football stands and moved underground. And there the superficial glance of numerous ordinary people does not see him. Of course, it also happens that random passersby witness one of the fights between two warring clans. At the same time, the cases where random passers-by actually suffered in such a massacre can be counted on one hand (note that the fingers of one hand will be quite enough). In general, the fact of a fight between football hooligans does not pose any danger to people who are not involved in it. Nowadays, football-related violence is more like a “fight club” closed to outsiders, which people join on a voluntary basis in order to fight with others like themselves. In addition, these fights have recently (even taking into account their massive scale and organization) have become as safe as possible for their participants. The fact is that “firms” everywhere introduced unique principles of respect for opponents - “fair play” and completely abandoned the use of improvised means, etc.

In addition, football hooligans are not the only category of fans who are ready to use their own fists and represent carriers of aggressive energy.

8. Competition

Competitions in football, as in any other sport, are an important component of the game. The competition is organized by the federation; for each tournament, regulations are drawn up, which usually determine the composition of the participants, the tournament layout, the rules for determining the winner in case of equality of points, and any deviations from the rules, for example, the number of substitutions. Competitions are divided into domestic and international, which in turn are divided into club and national teams.

The most famous competitions are:

Hosted by CONMEBOL: National teams Copa America Club Copa Libertadores (CONMEBOL) Copa Sudamericana (CONMEBOL)

9. Varieties of football

There are many varieties of football, mostly with fewer players - including futsal (played with two balls), beach soccer (played on sand), futsal (AMF) and futsal (FIFA) (mini-football) (played indoors on a special surface), yard football (played on any surface on fields of any size by any number of people), swamp football (played in a swamp), freestyle football (consists of performing all kinds of feints and tricks).

Since the popularity of football is so high, there are many games that simulate football.

Municipal educational institution Cadet school Abstract on the topic: History of the development of football in Chistopol 2011. Vve