We see in bone skates. Who invented skates? The evolution of figure skates

Indicate all the numbers in whose place one letter N is written?

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

We see that in the bone(1) skates, found(2) by archaeologists in northern Europe, holes were made for leather(4) ribbons.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Let's give the correct spelling.

We see that in the bone skates found by archaeologists in northern Europe, holes were made for leather straps.

In this sentence:

bone - an adjective formed from the noun bone using the suffix YAN;

found - perfect participle;

done - short participle always with N;

leather - an adjective formed from the noun leather using the suffix AN.

Answer: 134.

Answer: 134

Rule: Task 15. Writing N and NN in words of different parts of speech

SPELLING -Н-/-НН- IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH.

Traditionally, it is the most difficult topic for students, since the justified writing of N or NN is possible only with knowledge of morphological and word-formation laws. The “Help” material summarizes and systematizes all the rules of the topic N and NN from school textbooks and provides additional information from V.V.’s reference books. Lopatin and D.E. Rosenthal to the extent necessary to complete the Unified State Examination tasks.

14.1 N and NN in denominative adjectives (formed from nouns).

14.1.1 Two NNs in suffixes

NN is written in adjective suffixes, If:

1) the adjective is formed from a noun with a stem in N using the suffix N: foggyH+H → foggy; karmanN+N → pocket, cardboardN+N → cardboard

ancient (from old + N), picturesque (from picture + N), deep (from depth + N), outlandish (from outlandish + N), remarkable (from dozen + N), true (from truth + N), corvée ( from corvee + N), communal (from obshchNA + N), long (from length + N)

note: the word “strange” from the point of view of modern language does not contain the suffix N and is not related to the word “country”. But historically, NV can be explained: a person from a foreign country was considered a dissident, a stranger, an outsider.

The spelling of the word “genuine” can also be explained etymologically: authentic in Ancient Rus' was the truth that the defendant spoke “under long sticks” - special long sticks or whips.

2) the adjective is formed from the noun by adding the suffix -ENN-, -ONN: cranberry (cranberry), revolutionary (revolution), solemn (triumph).

Exception: windy (but: windless).

Note:

There are adjective words in which N is part of the root. These words must be remembered. They were not formed from nouns:

crimson, green, spicy, drunk, porky, red, ruddy, young.

14.1.2. N is written in adjective suffixes

N is written in adjective suffixes, If:

1) the adjective has the suffix -IN- ( dove, mouse, nightingale, tiger). Words with this suffix often mean “whose”: dove, mouse, nightingale, tiger.

2) the adjective has the suffixes -AN-, -YAN- ( sandy, leathery, oatmeal, earthy). Words with this suffix often mean “made of something”: from sand, from leather, from oats, from earth.

Exceptions: GLASS, TIN, WOODEN.

14.2. N and NN in suffixes of words formed from verbs. Full forms.

As you know, both participles and adjectives (=verbal adjectives) can be formed from verbs. The rules for writing N and NN in these words are different.

14.2.1 НН in suffixes of full participles and verbal adjectives

In the suffixes of full participles and verbal adjectives, NN is written if AT LEAST ONE of the conditions is met:

1) the word is formed from a verb perfect form, WITH OR WITHOUT A PRESET, for example:

from verbs buy, redeem (what to do?, perfect form): bought, redeemed;

from verbs throw, abandon (what to do?, perfect form): abandoned-abandoned.

The prefix does NOT change the type of participle and does not affect the spelling of the suffix. Any other prefix gives the word a perfect form

2) the word has the suffixes -OVA-, -EVA- even in imperfect words ( MARINATED, PAVED, AUTOMATED).

3) with a word formed from a verb, there is a dependent word, that is, it forms a participial phrase, for example: Ice cream in the refrigerator, boiled in broth).

NOTE: In cases where the full participle turns into an adjective in a specific sentence, the spelling does not change. For example: Excited With this message, the father spoke loudly and did not hold back his emotions. The highlighted word is a participle in a participial phrase, excited how? with this message. We change the sentence: His face was EXCITED, and there is no longer a participle, there is no phrase, because the face cannot be “excited,” and this is an adjective. In such cases, they talk about the transition of participles into adjectives, but this fact does not affect the writing of NN.

More examples: The girl was very ORGANIZED And brought up. Here both words are adjectives. The girl was not “educated”, and she was always well-mannered; these are constant signs. Let's change the sentences: We were in a hurry to a meeting organized by our partners. Mom, who was brought up in strictness, raised us just as strictly.. And now the highlighted words are participles.

In such cases, in the explanation of the task we write: adjective formed from participle or adjective transferred from participle.

Exceptions: unexpected, unexpected, unseen, unheard of, accidental, slow, desperate, sacred, desired..

note to the fact that from a number of exceptions the words counted (minutes), done (indifference). These words are written according to the general rule.

Let's add some more words here:

forged, pecked, chewed eva/ova are part of the root, these are not suffixes to write NN. But when prefixes appear, they are written according to the general rule: Chewed, shod, pecked.

wounded is written one N. Compare: Wounded in battle(two N, because a dependent word appeared); Wounded, perfect appearance, there is a prefix).

clever, it is difficult to determine the type of word.

14.2. 2 One N in verbal adjectives

In suffixes of verbal adjectives N is written if:

the word is formed from an imperfective verb, that is, answers the question what did you do with the item? and the word in the sentence has no dependent words.

stewed(it was stewed) meat,

shorn(they cut) their hair,

boiled(they boiled it) potatoes,

broken(they broke it) line,

stained(it was stained) oak (dark as a result of special treatment),

BUT: As soon as these adjective words have a dependent word, they immediately become participles and are written with two N.

braised in the oven(it was stewed) meat,

recently cut(they cut) their hair,

steamed(they boiled it) potatoes.

DISTINCTION: Participles (right) and adjectives (left) have different meanings! Stressed vowels are highlighted in capital letters.

sworn brother, sworn sister- a person who is not biologically related to this person, but who agreed to a brotherly (sisterly) relationship voluntarily. - the address I gave;

planted father (playing the role of the parent of the bride or groom during the wedding ceremony). - seated at the table;

dowry (property given to the bride by her family for life in marriage) - a dowry of a chic look;

Betrothed (this is what the groom is called, from the word fate) - narrowed skirt, from the word narrow, make narrow)

Forgiveness Sunday (religious holiday) - forgiven by me;

pissing beauty(epithet, phraseological unit) - oil painting.

14.2.3. Writing N and NN in compound adjectives

As part of a compound word, the spelling of the verbal adjective does not change:

A) the first part is formed from imperfect verbs, which means we write N: plain dyed (paint), hot-rolled, homespun, variegated, gold-woven (weave); whole-cut cut), gold-forged (forge), little-traveled (ride), little-traveled (walk), little-worn (wear), lightly salted (salt), finely crushed (crushed), freshly quenched (quench), freshly frozen (freeze) and others.

b) the second part of a compound word is formed from a perfective prefix verb, which means we write NN: smooth O painted ( O paint), fresh behind ice cream ( behind freeze) etc.).

In the second part of complex formations N is written, although there is a prefix PERE-: Ironed-re-ironed, patched-re-patched, worn-worn, washed-rewashed, shot-re-shot, darned-redarned.

Thus, you can complete tasks according to the following algorithm:

14.3. N and NN in short adjectives and short participles

Both participles and adjectives have not only full, but also short forms.

Rule: In short participles one N is always written.

Rule: Short adjectives contain as many Ns as long adjectives.

But to apply the rules, you need distinguish between adjectives and participles.

DISTINGUISH between short adjectives and participles:

1) on the issue: short adjectives - what? what? what are they? what? what?, short participle - what is done? what's done? what is done? what have been done?

2) by value(a short participle relates to an action, can be replaced with a verb; a short adjective characterizes the word being defined, but does not report the action);

3) by the presence of a dependent word(short adjectives do not and cannot have, short participles do).

14.4. One or two Hs can also be written in adverbs.

In adverbs starting with -O/-E the same number of Ns are written as there are in the original word, For example: calmly with one H, as in an adjective calm suffix N; slowly with NN, as in an adjective slow NN; enthusiastically with NN, as in participle PASSIONATE NN.

Despite the apparent simplicity of this rule, there is a problem with distinguishing between adverbs, short participles and short adjectives. For example, in the word concentration (Н, НН)о it is impossible to choose one or another spelling WITHOUT knowing what this word is in a sentence or phrase.

DISTINGUISH between short adjectives, short participles and adverbs.

1) on the issue: short adjectives - what? what? what are they? what? what?, short participle - what is done? what's done? what is done? what have been done? adverbs: how?

2) by value(a short participle relates to an action, can be replaced with a verb; a short adjective characterizes the word being defined, but does not report the action); adverb denotes a sign of an action, how it occurs)

3) by role in the sentence:(short adjectives and short participles are often predicates, but an adverb

refers to the verb and is a circumstance)

14.5. N and NN in nouns

1.In nouns (as well as in short adjectives and adverbs) the same number of N is written as in the adjectives (participles) from which they are formed:

Words are formed from adjectives

relative from related, third-party from third-party, like-minded from like-minded, (malicious, complicit), placed from, drowned from drowned, number from number, compatriot from compatriot) and many others.

2. Nouns can also be formed from verbs and other nouns.

You can write the numbers in any order

Task 14 No. 1077 type 14 (solved incorrectly or not solved)

Indicate all the numbers in whose place one letter N is written?

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

We see that in the bone(1) skates, found(2) by archaeologists in northern Europe, holes were made for leather(4) ribbons.

Explanation.

Let's give the correct spelling.

We see that in the bone skates found by archaeologists in northern Europe, holes were made for leather straps.

In this sentence:

bone - an adjective formed from the noun bone using the suffix YAN;

found - perfect participle;

done - short participle always with N;

leather - an adjective formed from the noun leather using the suffix AN.

Answer: 134.

Your answer: 143. Correct answer: 134

Tatyana Yudina

in KIM - yes, in any. Our conditions indicate Enter the numbers in ascending order.

Option 17

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3

(1) It is known that in the pre-Pushkin era, sound painting was a sophisticated stylistic device and was used only when describing “lofty” images, the beauty of nature, and sublime feelings. (2) Pushkin expanded the range of artistic use of sound writing, including in it all the lexical riches of the language, including vernacular (colloquial speech of the urban population: parts of the clergy, small and medium-sized officials, clergy, common intelligentsia, middle class) and the language of folk songs, epics, fairy tales (3) this is how Pushkin achieved the unity of word and image in his work; in his poetry, the artistic form never came into conflict with the content, for a true artist would never allow beautiful sounds to obscure or impoverish thought and content.

1.Give two sentences, which correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Pushkin’s poetry, thanks to the expansion of the range of use of sound writing, has reached perfection: it has unified form and content, it has merged image and sound.
2) Pushkin expanded the range of use of sound writing, including all the lexical wealth of the Russian language.
3) In the pre-Pushkin era, sound painting was a sophisticated stylistic device and was used to describe “lofty images” and feelings.
4) A real poet always watches only for the euphony of his poetry.
5) Pushkin in his work achieved the unity of word and image, expanding the range of artistic use of sound writing by including the entire lexical wealth of the Russian language.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down.
1) Vice versa, 2) For example,
3) However 4) Exactly 5) Therefore

2. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word LANGUAGE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
LANGUAGE (book language, obsolete, only in 3, 4 characters), m.
1. An organ in the oral cavity in the form of a movable soft outgrowth, which is an organ of taste, and in humans also contributes to the formation of speech sounds. Cow tongue. It hurts to bite your tongue. Lick with tongue. Stick your tongue out at someone. “The tongue is not a spatula, it knows what is sweet. "Proverb. “And he came to my lips, and tore out my sinful tongue.” Pushkin. “The tongue played signals, He sang songs - so catchy. “Nekrasov.
|| Food from the tongue of animals. Tongue with mashed potatoes. Smoked tongue.
2 . only units The ability to speak, express thoughts verbally, speech. “My voice will not tremble, and my tongue will not be taken away.” Pushkin. “She lies there without a tongue, explaining herself with her hands.” Turgenev. Lose your tongue. Know the language. Language is one of the characteristics that distinguishes humans from animals. “Language will take you to Kyiv.” Proverb.
3 . A system of verbal expression of thoughts that has a certain sound and grammatical structure and serves as a means of communication in human society. “Language is the most important means of human communication...” Lenin. “...A national community is unthinkable without a common language...” Stalin. “Oh, the great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language!” Turgenev. “Speaks all languages.” Lermontov. Native language. Slavic languages. National languages. Ancient languages ​​(mainly Greek and Latin). New languages ​​(modern Western European). Living language). Dead language (see dead). Learn languages. History of the Russian language.
4 . A type of speech that has certain characteristic features. Literary language. Colloquial. Professional languages. Newspaper language. Poetic language. Thieves' language.
5. only units A way of expression, a style characteristic of someone. Pushkin's language. The language of works of art.
6 . only units A verbally expressed thought, speech of one or another content. “Their (the Magi’s) prophetic language is true and free.” Pushkin. He has an evil tongue. Sharp tongue. Lying tongue. Foggy tongue.

4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

tilt

5. In one of the sentences below WRONG The highlighted word is used. Correct a lexical error by choosing to the highlighted word paronym. Write down the chosen word.

Yeah, your view is UNSCREEN.

There is impenetrable darkness outside the car window: not a single light is visible.

A THANKSGIVING prayer service was served in front of a large crowd of people.

The structures were specially designed for the construction of residential buildings in the permafrost zone.

The meeting took place in the premises of the FORMER school.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly

TWO HUNDRED FORTY-THREE A LOT OF APPLES
the SMARTEST lot of STOCKINGS
couple of socks

7. Match between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

supporting, positioning,

decision, getting out, getting tired

9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

and..sneak, get in..get away

not..own, born

pr..habit, pr..possible

un..skim, post..industrial,

n..warm up, w..eat

10. Write down the word in which a letter is written in place of the gap AND.

enamel..cheap..nice

bluish look..in

honored

11. Write down the word in which a letter is written in place of the gap E.

hear..my move..my

dry.. wash the bed.. breathe.. wash

12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is written together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word

Is your cat really (not) at all afraid of me?

Everything was the same, but in the garden there were (not) old, but new swings: they were completely hidden by overgrown lilac bushes.

The brother ran away, again (not) washing the dirty dishes after himself.

Everything was going very well until this stupid incident with the lost money happened.

There was (not) anything to eat at home, so we went to the store.

13. Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are written FULL. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

(NOT) LOOKING at my grandmother’s lamentations, I STILL left.

Apparently, he was (NOT) HEALTHY, (THEREFORE) he refused food.

(C) CONCLUSION We would like to thank the organizers of the holiday.

(BY) CAPTIVITY the hare runs when flying (NOT) (ON) WHAT.

WHAT else can you come up with that wouldn’t be so boring?

14.Indicate all the numbers in whose place it is written NN.

We see that in the bone(1) skates, found(2) by archaeologists in northern Europe, holes were made for leather(4) ribbons.

15. Place punctuation marks. Specify two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Yellow and scarlet tulips and several tall gladioli were visible in the flowerbed.

2) Karamzin and Zhukovsky, Griboedov and Pushkin visited this house.

3) The cadets are usually already sleeping or getting ready for bed at this time.

4) Ivan Sergeevich equally loved his native Luga and Petersburg and Novgorod.

5) The old man who was talking to us either squinted his eyes affectionately or suddenly became stern.

16. Place punctuation marks:

Having announced spring with thunder (1), the thunderstorm rang (2) across the grass (3), which had long been awaiting moisture and coolness.

17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.

The dark sky above the illuminated street (1) seemed (2) like a black, heavy canopy.

The sun and (3) it seemed (4) the sky itself were hiding behind the rocks.

18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Stone paths (1) whose winding lines (2) (3) symbolize the flow of energy (4) acquire special significance in a Japanese garden.

19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Everyone loved me (1) and (2) although I was incredibly naughty (3) I was forgiven for everything (4) no matter what I did.

Read the text and complete tasks 20-25

(1) Sergei Nikolaevich Pletenkin returned home, as usual, at half past eight. (2) He worked in a service workshop in the very center of the city. (3) To justify the fuel, on the way home he made a stop near the central market and, if he was lucky, of course, picked up a fellow traveler. (4) Today he was incredibly lucky, his soul sang with joy, and he, barely taking off his shoes, without even washing his hands, immediately rushed to the kitchen to tell about the amazing incident.

(5) The wife stood near the sink and washed the dishes. (6) The daughter finished her tea with a dissatisfied look and, capriciously sticking out her lower lip, asked:

(7) – Mom, why not?

(8) “Because...” the mother answered irritably. (9) – Ask your father for time off!

(10) Pletenkin impatiently waved his hand, asking for silence, and, squealing with joy, which always irritated his wife, he began to tell.

(11) – Imagine, I’m driving past the central market today, some woman slows me down... (12) She asks me to give her a lift to the factory management. (13) I look: a leather coat, stylish boots, well, and her face looks so well-groomed... (14) I immediately said to her: three hundred!.. (15) She even opened her mouth. (16) Well, it’s okay, she sat down, and I took her to the department. (17) She comes out and gives me five hundred rubles... (18) I’m like: “Okay, but I don’t have change!” (19) She looked at me, shrugged her shoulders and said: “Okay, keep the change!” (20) Imagine how lucky you are!

(21) – Yes! (22) If only all passengers were like this! – the wife drawled.

(23) – You go wash your hands and let’s sit down to dinner...

(24) Pletenkin locked himself in the bathroom and began to soap his hands, replaying the details of everything that happened again and again. (25) Thick black hair, thin fingers with a wedding ring, a slightly detached look... (26) This look happens to people who have lost something, and now look at where the missing thing should lie, knowing full well that it is there they won't find it.

(27) And suddenly he remembered her! (28) It was Natasha Abrosimova, she studied in a parallel class. (29) Of course, she has changed: she was an invisible ugly girl, and now she has become a real lady, but the melancholy disappointment in her eyes remains. (30) Once in the eleventh grade, he volunteered to accompany her, leading her through quiet streets so that they would not be seen together. (31) Her eyes shone with happiness, and when he asked her to write an essay for him for the competition “You and Your City,” she immediately agreed. (32) Pletenkin took first place, received a free trip to St. Petersburg, and after that he no longer paid attention to the bespectacled plain girl. (33) And only at the prom, after drinking champagne, in a fit of tearful sentimentality, he tried to explain something to her, and she looked at him with the same tired melancholy with which she looked today.

(34) – Well, it turns out that I deceived you!

(35) – Me? – she smiled. (36) -Did you deceive me?

(37) – And who! – he said and grinned stupidly. (38) She left silently.

(39)…Pletenkin gloomily soaped his hands. (40) He thought that he would definitely meet her and return her two hundred, no, not two hundred, but all five hundred rubles... (41) But with... he realized that he would never do this.

(42) – Why are you stuck there? (43) Everything is getting cold on the table! – Losing patience, my wife shouted from the kitchen.

(44) “Did you deceive me?” – he remembered again, and he trudged off to eat the cooling soup.

(According to S.S. Kachalkov*)

* Sergei Semyonovich Kachalkov (born in 1943) is a modern prose writer.

20. What word should be in place of the blank in sentence 41?

1) interest

2) hope

3) despair

4) impatient

21. What Which of the following statements is false?

1) Sentence 4 contains a description of the hero’s state.

2) Sentences 16 – 19 present the reasoning.

3) Sentence 25 contains a description.

4) Sentence 10 contains a narrative.

22. In what Are contextual antonyms used in the sentence?

1) 6 2) 29 3) 32 4) 44

23. Among sentences 39 – 44, find one that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20 – 23. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text.

Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter. Write the sequence of numbers in ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of task number 24, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters.

Write each number in accordance with the samples given in the form.

24. “The author, conveying the character’s speech style, uses a syntactic means of expressiveness - A__________ (sentences 14, 18). To describe the internal state of the heroine, the following tropes are used: B __________ (“the eyes shone with happiness” in sentence 31) and B__________ (“dreary disappointment” in sentence 29). A syntactic device such as Г_________ (in sentence 36) acquires special significance in the text.”

List of terms:

2) comparison

4) parcellation

5) expressive-evaluative words

6) dialectism

7) interrogative sentence

8) colloquial syntactic constructions

9) metaphor

Part 2

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).

Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Justify your answer, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Answers to the option

- shoes with attached blades, intended for walking or sports competitions on ice. Runners are made from various alloys; in past centuries they were made from steel, and even earlier - from animal bones. The blades are either permanently attached to the boot or removable. It’s interesting that there is no one who invented skates, because they were invented back in the Bronze Age.

Who invented skates?

Here we will find out when and where the first skates appeared, in what century. This inventory does not have a specific inventor. The oldest bone product was discovered in 1967 on the coast of the Southern Bug near Odessa. The age of the find is 3200 years. The first mentions of certain devices worn on the legs for walking on ice are found in ancient Greek sources.

According to ancient books, the first bone skates were used by the Cimmerians, a people who lived on the coast of the Dnieper estuary, where the first archaeological finds were found. In parallel, similar structures were used in other parts of the Earth: in Russia, England, China and other parts of the world.

What were the first skates made of?

In Siberia they were made from walrus tusks, and in China - from bamboo. In most regions of the world, wood and animal bones were used, often femur bones due to the length, strength, and characteristic curve of the hip joint at one end.

How were the first skates made from wood and animal bones?

To do this, bone or wood was ground down on one side to form a flat surface for the sole. Holes were made on both sides through which fasteners for shoes were threaded. On the other side of the bone, an oblong notch was often made, into which a flat bone or wood was inserted, acting as a blade.

Such devices did not slide well, so people pushed off with sticks. Bone implements were used until the 13th century, since iron in those days was very expensive, and bone coped with the task perfectly. The transition to iron took place only with the expansion of metalworking.

Mention of bone skates was found in the book “Chronicles of the Noble City of London,” written by Stephanius, a 12th-century monk. He said that when the swamp that washed the northern part of the city rampart near Mufield froze, the child skated on the ice, putting animal thigh bones on his shoes and pushing off with his hands using wooden sticks.

When did the first skates appear?

Now let’s look at who brought skates to Russia? We can be proud that the classic look - steel blades on a boot - appeared thanks to the Russian Emperor Peter I. Before this, the blades were attached either to wooden blocks or to steel tubes, but this was inconvenient for riding. Peter I, with appropriate decisiveness, attached the wooden skates to his boots, nailing them tightly with nails.

He also brought skates to Russia, along with potatoes, the fashion for new clothes and balls, shipbuilding and iron casting. By decree of Peter I, the production of skates began in Tula. After the death of the emperor, a reaction set in, and the new fashion was forgotten for some time. Alexander I, who saw Europe during the Napoleonic Wars, succeeded in renewing it.

The rapid growth in the popularity of ice skating began in 1842, when the first skating rink was built. The surface of a river or lake freezes in uneven lumps, as water expands when it freezes, which greatly hinders beginners from mastering the art of ice skating. Since the emergence of smooth surfaces, a sports boom has begun.

In the Russian Empire, a speed skating organization opened in 1864, and already in 1887 the first international speed skating competitions were held, where the famous Russian speed skater and figure skater Alexander Panshin won. After the October Revolution, skating rinks for figure skaters were built throughout the country.

The evolution of racing skates

The history of racing skates begins in the middle of the 19th century. Originally, the steel blade was mounted on a wooden sole and tied to the leg with straps. This design gave some mobility to the boot on the foot, which was a significant drawback. In 1880, the first tubular skates were created. They were attached to the boot at the back and front using four and six screws, respectively.

In 1887, after the victory of Alexander Panshin, his version of skates became popular, where the blade was lengthened and became very narrow, and the front part was slightly bent, while the interfering curl was cut off. The next improvement occurred thanks to the Norwegian H. Hagen, who made a steel tube and inserted an iron runner into it.

Subsequent inventions occurred with the blade material. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, serious development of chemistry began. Alloying of steel was invented, which doubled the strength of the skids. This made it possible to reduce the thickness of the blade and make it lighter.

The last radical change came in 1990, when skates with a drop-down heel were created, attached only to the toe, which made them look like flip-flops. This structure improved gliding and made running easier, since it was no longer necessary to lift the entire structure.

The evolution of figure skates

Performing jumps and complex movements on ice was popular even before figure skating. The first association of amateurs opened in Edinburgh in 1742. The start of classical figure skating was given by the American Haynes, who in the middle of the 19th century first performed a skating dance to music.

The new fashion quickly gained popularity, and in 1871 figure skating became a sport. In 1908, this type of sport was competed in the first Summer Olympic Games. The program included performing difficult jumps, turns and other tricks on ice.

The ideal shape of the blade and boots was gradually found. At this time, the skates became much shorter, since otherwise the partners would interfere with each other. At the same time, the rear part was lengthened, while teeth were made on the runners in front, which made it possible to perform complex numbers while standing on the fingers.

In 1976, ice dancing was added to the list of the Olympic Games, at the same time the USSR figure skaters Lyudmila Pakhomova and Alexander Gorshkov were recognized as winners of the first competitions in the new sport. By this time, the boot of the skates had become much softer.

The evolution of hockey skates

Ice hockey appeared in 1879. However, it did not become popular in Russia by the October Revolution. After the proletariat came to power, athletes began to play hockey with an inflatable rubber ball, but the plastic puck was introduced only in 1946. At that time, the old skates became extremely uncomfortable.

First the blades were shortened, and later they were made much stronger thanks to steel alloying. Later the boot became more stable and more mobile. A fuse appeared at the front end of the runner. The latest innovation is the mobility of the blades, which, when pushed off, lag behind the shoe, and return to the sole using a spring.

The evolution of rollers

Antique roller skates from the mid-18th century have large metal wheels (much larger than a foot) with spokes. The invention did not gain much popularity, as it was practically uncontrollable. The first successful design, made in 1819, consisted of two-runner wheels mounted in pairs. Such antiques can now be seen in the Louvre.

Modern roller skates appeared at the end of the 20th century, when the wheels were placed in one line. Although the device was more difficult to master, it greatly reduced friction. The skating speed instantly increased. In 1995, the last improvement took place - the roller boot became soft.

Did you know?

The blade of the skates is very narrow, which creates extremely high pressure in a small area. Under this pressure, the ice melts, resulting in excellent lubrication, which greatly reduces the coefficient of friction. This makes it easier to glide.

The first blades had a strongly curved toe, which is why the front of the runners resembled a horse's head. That is why the device got its name - skates.

Read the text and complete tasks 1 – 3.

(1) Amber arose from the resin of coniferous trees that lived 35-40 million years ago. (2)<…>trees with deep damage to the bark abundantly secrete resinous sap, which includes turpentine, water and resin acids. (3) In the warm subtropical climate of that time, water and highly volatile turpentine evaporated, and the resin hardened on the trees in the form of growths.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys HOME information contained in the text?

1. Coniferous trees that lived 35-40 million years ago, with deep damage to the bark, abundantly secreted resinous sap.

2. The composition of the resinous sap of coniferous trees includes water, turpentine and resin acids.

3. Amber - a hardened resin - arose as a result of the evaporation of water and turpentine from the resinous sap of coniferous trees that lived 35-40 million years ago.

4. Amber is the sap of coniferous trees, which was released abundantly when the bark was damaged.

5. Amber, which arose as a result of the evaporation of water and turpentine from the resinous sap of ancient coniferous trees, is hardened resin.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the second (2) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

However, despite this, the fact is that despite this, although

Answer:_______________________________________

3 . Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word COMPOSITION. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

COMPOUND, a, m.

1. what. A collection of people and objects that form something. whole. Enter the village presidium. Personal s. S. performers. Officer's village army.

2. The product of a mixture, a compound of something. Medicinal s. Chemical s.

3. Railway cars coupled to each other, train. Heavy s. Submit with. to the station. S. will go to the depot.* As part of someone, a preposition with gender. P.

Answer: _______________________________________

4. In one of the words below there was an error in the placement of stress: WRONG The letter denoting the stressed vowel sound is highlighted. Write this word down.

lied klaA responded by rising above for a long time

Answer:_______________________________________

5. In one of the sentences below WRONG The highlighted word is used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

It was impossible to EXPECT a warmer welcome than the one that was organized for the festival guests.

The additional course of lectures offered to students will allow them to COMPLETE the gaps in knowledge.

For safety reasons, the area under the cornice must be FENCED.

After discussing the good news, the whole company was in a SPARKLING mood, so preparation for the exam was unanimously decided to be postponed to the next day.

COMMEMORATIVE coins represent a fascinating and very interesting page in the history of numismatics.

Answer:_______________________________________

6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

young accountants at their work

RIDE FOR thirty-five minutes

ladies' SHOES

Answer:_______________________________________

7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

age .st to..institutional arrangement..to ob..to present..to

Answer:_______________________________________

9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

not..sightly, with..sound of the pr..sea, pr..gained

in..exciting, not..compressed, not without..interesting, over..refined

pr..station, pr..sharp

Answer:_______________________________________

10. E.

adjust..unstick..break away persistent confused rod..howl

Answer:_______________________________________

11. Write down the word in which a letter is written in place of the blank AND.

fighting..dozing..dozing..doing bed..looking..shave..shave

Answer:_______________________________________

12. Determine the sentence in which NOT with the word it is written FULL. Open the brackets and write down this word.

(NOT) DESPITE the complexity of the topic being studied, we will try to understand it as best as possible.

Today his words sounded (NOT)WARM and affectionate as before, but cold and somehow aloof.

His eyes burned with an (UN)TAMABLE passion.

It was a quiet, not at all HOT June day.

Peter's visit to the dentist WAS (NOT) postponed.

Answer:_______________________________________

13. Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are written FULL. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

1) Just as a person’s childhood seems beautiful to him, memories of the harsh dawn of humanity are colored for us in a romantic haze.

2) (FINALLY) I managed to catch (THAT) HOUR when the slanting rays of the sun begin to pierce the forest, like golden knitting needles.

3) Ryzhiki can be collected both in the fall and (DURING) the whole summer: it all depends (ON) what kind of summer it is.

4) He mastered the language AS easily as people control their voice, BECAUSE he learned the language from ordinary people.

5) (OFTEN) people don’t realize (HOW) HOW important it is to look after their health.

Answer:_______________________________________

14. Indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) is written NN.

We see that in the bone(1) skates, found(2) by archaeologists in northern Europe, holes were made for leather(4) ribbons.

Answer:_______________________________________

15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which you need to put ONE comma.

1) There is a lot of fussy and funny businesslike and cunning in the behavior of the starling.

2) In the count's living room, mirrors and paintings and vases were real works of art.

3) For many, books by Dostoevsky or Tolstoy are more interesting than any detective novel.

4) In the warm autumn, it’s nice to get lost in the dense thickets of aspen and birch trees and breathe in the sweet smell of grass.

5) Both theater and cinema are forms of mass art.

Answer:_______________________________________

16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers replaced by one letter H? The Church of St. Basil is crowned (1) with a huge, rainbow-colored dome, extremely similar to the crystal faceted (2) stopper of an old (3) decanter. 1) 1, 22) 23) 34) 2, 3

Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers replaced by one letter H? St. Basil's Church is crowned with a huge, rainbow-colored dome, extremely similar to the crystal faceted stopper of an antique decanter. 1) 1, 22) 23) 34) 2, 3

Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers replaced by one letter H? The senior forester, long(1) and clumsy, in breeches made of homespun(2) cloth, in a washed(3) shirt, sat away from everyone and smiled mockingly. 1) 1 2) 2, 3 3) 3 4) 1, 2, 3

Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers replaced by one letter H? The senior forester, long and clumsy, wearing breeches made of homespun cloth and a washed shirt, sat apart from everyone and smiled mockingly. 1) 1 2) 2, 3 3) 3 4) 1, 2, 3