Facial muscles. Anatomy of facial muscles Excerpt characterizing the Proud Muscle

Name

Musculus procerus

glabella skin

a. angularis, a. supraorbitalis

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Excerpt characterizing the Muscle of the Proud

The muscles of the head are a fairly important topic in the first anatomy course. It is necessary to know them as an integral part of myology, firstly. And secondly, some of the masticatory and facial muscles will become excellent topographical landmarks for you when you study the vessels and nerves of the head.

Let's start, of course, with the main classification. All head muscles are divided into two groups:

• Mimic. First of all, they form the expression of our emotions – facial expressions. Also, facial muscles are involved in some protective reflexes (blinking, for example), and, in part, help articulation;
• Chewable. Their main purpose is to control the movements of the lower jaw to chew food and open the mouth. Also, the masticatory muscles partly help with articulation.

Before we begin to analyze each muscle, it is necessary to consider the most important features of the facial muscles, there are three of them.

1. Facial muscles do not have fascia;
2. The facial muscles are attached directly to the skin;
3. The facial muscles are located around the natural openings of the face.

The most convenient order for studying facial muscles is to move from top to bottom, that is, from the forehead to the chin, focusing, of course, on the natural openings of the face - eyes, nostrils, mouth.

Anatomy of facial muscles

Let me make a reservation right away that I will talk about the most basic muscles. You can complete what your teachers require from you in full, knowing the basics. But it is impossible not to know the muscles that we will now discuss, no matter what medical university you study at.

I. Epicranial muscle(musculus epicranius). It has a very wide supracranial aponeurosis (aponeurosis epicranialis), which connects its upper part with the scalp (tight connection), and its lower part with the periosteum of the skull (loose connection). Also, the supracranial muscle has two bellies - the frontal (venter frontales) and the occipital (venter occipitales).

The frontal belly begins from the supracranial aponeurosis and is attached to the skin above the eyebrows. That is why we classify the supracranial muscle as a facial muscle. The occipital abdomen is located from the superior nuchal line of the skull to the posterior part of the supracranial aponeurosis.

Look, both the aponeurosis and both abdomens are very clear on any tablet. I marked the frontal abdomen in blue, the occipital abdomen in red, and the aponeurosis itself in green.

Function: the occipital belly of the supracranial muscle pulls its entire mass towards itself, thus the scalp moves slightly backward. When the frontal abdomen contracts, it pulls the supracranial muscle toward itself. If the frontal abdomen contracts and the supracranial aponeurosis is fixed, then the eyebrows will rise. The most mimic muscle there is.

II. Let's go down just below the forehead and see orbicularis oculi muscle(musculus orbicularis oculi), it is very visible. It is large, and, true to its name, literally surrounds the eye. The orbicularis oculi muscle consists of three parts:

1. The secular part (pars palpebralis). If you close your eyes, your eyeballs will be covered with eyelids. This, in general, is the age-old part of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Its function is to close the eye with the eyelid;
2. Orbital part (pars orbitalis). The largest part of the orbicularis oculi muscle. It seems to surround the eye, the secular part and, of course, the lacrimal part. When this part of the muscle contracts, it closes the eye tightly, straining the skin around it;
3. Lacrimal part (pars lacrimalis). Not noticeable from the outside, located in the lower medial corner of the eye. The lacrimal part opens the lacrimal sac and drains tear fluid into the lacrimal canaliculi.

Now let's look at all three parts on the tablet. I highlighted the orbital part in blue and the eyelid part in green. Remember that the eyelid part is the eyelids themselves, and that the eyelid part is always located inside the orbital part, do not confuse them.

The lacrimal part is not visible in the unprepared eye. But the approximate location of this part is:

III. Muscle of the proud(musculus procerus). A very cool Latin name, one of my favorite sounds. However, it is very strange (for me, at least). Let's first find this muscle on our tablet:

And one more picture from Wikipedia, I can’t help but post it - it’s just beautiful.

And now about the strangeness in the name, it is directly related to the function of this muscle. The name “proud muscle” evokes in my mind something that forces the head to fall back, raising the chin. However, the muscle we are looking at now causes a completely different movement. The pride muscle creates a frowning facial expression with vertical folds of skin between the eyes. It is the muscle of the proud that creates the facial expressions of the great Joseph Brodsky in this photo:

IV. Nasalis muscle(musculus nasalis). The muscle is notable for having a tendon. It is approximately in the area of ​​this tendon that the proud muscle begins and goes upward towards the forehead. But we digress.

The nasal muscle starts from the upper jaw in the area of ​​the roots of the lateral incisor and canine. This is an important point, do not show it on the tip of your nose. This is a fairly common mistake. Then the nasal muscle rises a little upward and passes into the tendon. If you look just above the tendon, that is, rise from the bridge of the nose towards the forehead, you will see that same proud muscle.

Here is the nasal muscle in a wonderful illustration from Wikipedia. You can very clearly see how, rising up and towards the center, it turns into a white aponeurosis:

Well, on our tablet I also decided to designate it:

The nasal muscle is represented by two parts - external and internal. I decided not to highlight them on the tablet, since it would be difficult to show the internal ones.

• The outer part, also known as the transverse part (pars transversa), goes around the wings of the nose from the outside and passes into the aponeurosis;
• The inner part, also known as the wing part (pars alaris), goes around the wings of the nose from the inside and is attached to the cartilage.

Both parts act interconnectedly, performing one function, namely, a slight compression of the nasal opening.

V. Orbicularis oris muscle(musculus orbicularis oris). Do not confuse with musculus orbicularis oculi, that is, the circular muscle of the eye. In my group, most students were sent to retake the test in myology precisely because of this error; the Latin terms are very similar. Musculus orbicularis is a repeating prefix, it translates as “circular muscle.” And to it we add the word oculi (association - “ocular”, “eye”), that is, eye, or the word oris (association - “oral”, “oral”, i.e. through the mouth) - mouth.

So, now about the muscle itself. It is divided into two parts - labial (pars labialis) and marginal (pars marginalis). The labial part is the actual visible tissue of the lips. The marginal part is a large circle, inside of which there is a labial part. I decided to show the orbicularis oris muscle on this tablet, it fits perfectly in my opinion. I marked the lip part in blue, and the edge part in green.

The marginal part extends the lips into a tube.

When contracted, the labial part tightly closes the oral opening. The mouth is closed with tightly closed lips. I couldn’t find a picture where only the labial part was involved, alas.

VI. Buccal muscle(musculus buccinator). Large facial muscle, occupies a large space on the face.

As you can see, the buccal muscle above and below starts from the outer surfaces of the upper and lower jaws, respectively, and medially intertwines with the orbicularis oris muscle. It is quite easy to determine on any tablet, but I preferred the picture from Wikipedia. Here the upper and lower jaws are marked in white:

The buccal muscle, with bilateral contraction (that is, when both the left and right muscles work), presses the cheeks to the teeth, pulling them inward; with unilateral contraction, the muscle pulls the corner of the mouth to the lateral side.

You need to understand that the buccal muscle has an internal position; on top it is covered by more superficial facial muscles, such as the zygomatic muscles (major and minor), as well as the masseter muscle. In addition to this, from the outer surface the buccal muscle is covered by the fatty body of the cheek (corpus addiposum buccae ). I marked the cheek muscle itself in red, and the fat pad in blue.

The author's name for this formation is “Bisha's fat lumps.” The cheek fat pad is especially developed in infants; it forms the rounded contours of the cheeks.

VII. (musculus zygomaticus major/musculus zygomaticus mitor). Very simple muscles to find on any tablet. If you know where the zygomatic bone is located, then finding the two zygomatic muscles will not be difficult for you. It is from the anterior surface of the zygomatic bone that these two muscles begin. Look how clearly they are visible in our main image:

True, there is a peculiarity here. On our tablet, you can get confused trying to distinguish the zygomaticus minor from the major muscle. Remember the rule - the zygomatic minor muscle is always closer to the eye.

The algorithm for finding the zygomatic muscles in pictures, on tablets, and on preparations is the same - first we find the zygomatic bone, immediately on it we find two long muscles similar to each other, and the one closest to the eye is the zygomatic minor, and the one that the far one is the zygomaticus major muscle.

The zygomatic major muscle is woven into the orbicularis oris muscle, and the minor muscle connects to the skin in the area of ​​the nasolabial fold.

Now all that remains is to parse the function. Both muscles work harmoniously, performing similar functions. The zygomaticus major muscle pulls the corners of the lips upward and laterally. The small one also pulls the corners of the lips upward, outlining the contours of the nasolabial fold. Imagine that you are a wolf and you need to scare someone. Expose the upper row of teeth, imitating a grin, while leaving the lower lip in place - you will get an illustration of the work of these two muscles.

Of all the pictures on the Internet, I liked this one the most:

The vampire girl’s lips are pulled upward and slightly laterally, and there are also defined nasolabial folds (the one to our left is especially clearly visible, the light falls on it). An excellent illustration of the work of the zygomatic muscles, I think.

VIII. Ear muscles - anterior, middle and posterior. Based on topography, these muscles should have been on my list between the supracranial and orbital muscles (we move from top to bottom, as you remember). But I decided to put the ear muscles at the end of the list - they are vestigial, that is, left to people as an inheritance from their distant animal ancestors.

These rudimentary muscles became unnecessary in the process of evolution, so in most people they are not developed at all. However, during the myology test, questions about them may be asked, so let’s look at them too.

• • Anterior ear muscle (musculus auricularis anterior). It starts from the temporal fascia and supracranial aponeurosis, and is attached to the skin of the auricle just above the anterior cartilage. To put it very simply, this muscle lies between the auricle and the orbicularis oculi muscle. When contracting, it moves the auricle forward. Who could show it better than a picture from Wikipedia?
    
  • Superior ear muscle (musculus auricularis superior). It is perpendicular to the anterior ear muscle. It starts from the supracranial aponeurosis and is attached to the upper part of the cartilage of the auricle. When contracting, in theory, it should lift the ear upward, but it does not fully function due to its, as already mentioned, rudimentary nature.
    
  • Posterior ear muscle (musculus auricularis inferior). We mark the beginning of this muscle on the nuchal fascia, and it is attached to the back of the auricle (more precisely, where the base of the auricle is). If you try to shorten it very hard, the auricle will pull back slightly.
    

By the way, another cool picture. A tablet like this is common in many medical universities. It shows triangles and neck muscles, you've probably seen one like this. So, on this tablet the posterior ear muscle is very clearly visible, I noted it:

So, that was an overview of the facial muscles. The review, of course, turned out to be incomplete, but this is usually enough to get at least 4 in the head muscles (provided that you also know chewing muscles). My article did not include quite a few muscles:

• Depressor anguli oris muscle;
• Muscle depressor labii superioris;
• Levator labii superioris muscle;
• Mental muscle...

...And several others. You can learn them using Sinelnikov’s atlas, your lectures and Wikipedia. By the way, about Wikipedia. Some muscle groups on this resource are beautifully designed and shown, taking into account completely correct anatomical classifications. As you may have noticed, I took several drawings from there for my article - they are very good.

The most important question is - there is a lot of text, there are also pictures, how to teach? You need to learn the anatomy of facial muscles as follows. After reading the information about each muscle, you need to sketch it on a rough piece of paper and sign the most important information, such as topography (origin, attachment, function) and some special words that will immediately help you navigate. For example, when I heard the word “grin,” everything that needed to be said about the zygomatic muscles immediately popped into my head.

An important point is that muscle drawings must be done not separately from all other anatomical structures, but on them. That is, you sketch out the contours of the skull with a simple pencil, and use a pen to place the muscles on top of them.

It is also very useful to strengthen your knowledge on specific topics with the help of videos. You can easily find videos on our topic today on YouTube, there are a decent number of them. Try to check with authoritative sources (with Sinelnikov’s atlas, for example) when watching videos of other teachers, because everyone can make mistakes, even the coolest anatomists.

Lexical minimum

A mandatory selection of Latin terms for self-control. If you have learned and reinforced the topic “facial muscles of the head,” then you can easily translate each term into Russian and show it in a picture, on a tablet, or on yourself. If you find it difficult to show and translate more than two terms, you need to go through the topic again.

1. Musculus epicranius;
2. Aponeurosis epicranialis;
3. Venter frontales;
4. Venter occipitales;
5. Musculus orbicularis oculi;
6. Pars palpebralis;
7. Pars orbitalis;
8. Pars lacrimalis;
9. Musculus procerus;
10. Musculus nasalis;
11. Pars transversa;
12. Pars alaris;
13. Musculus orbicularis oris;
14. Pars labialis;
15. Pars marginalis;
16. Musculus buccinator;
17. Corpus addiposum buccae;
18. Musculus zygomaticus major;
19. Musculus zygomaticus minor;
20. Musculus auricularis anterior;
21. Musculus auricularis superior;
22. Musculus auricularis inferior.

Name

Musculus procerus

glabella skin

a. angularis, a. supraorbitalis

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Excerpt characterizing the Muscle of the Proud

That evening the Rostovs went to the opera, for which Marya Dmitrievna got a ticket.
Natasha did not want to go, but it was impossible to refuse Marya Dmitrievna’s affectionateness, exclusively intended for her. When she, dressed, went out into the hall, waiting for her father and looking in the large mirror, saw that she was good, very good, she became even more sad; but sad, sweet and loving.
“My God, if only he were here; Then I would not have the same way as before, with some stupid timidity in front of something, but in a new, simple way, I would hug him, cling to him, force him to look at me with those searching, curious eyes with which he so often looked at me and then would make him laugh, as he laughed then, and his eyes - how I see those eyes! thought Natasha. - And what do I care about his father and sister: I love him alone, him, him, with this face and eyes, with his smile, masculine and at the same time childish... No, it’s better not to think about him, not to think, to forget, completely forget for this time. I can’t stand this waiting, I’m going to start crying,” and she moved away from the mirror, making an effort not to cry. - “And how can Sonya love Nikolinka so smoothly, so calmly, and wait so long and patiently”! she thought, looking at Sonya entering, also dressed, with a fan in her hands.

Facial muscles are the muscles of the face. Their specificity is that they are attached to bones at one end and to the skin or other muscles at the other. Each muscle is clothed in fascia - a connective membrane (thin capsule) that all muscles have. What's happened fascia, every housewife can imagine - when cutting meat, we get rid of white films, which, due to their density, worsen its soft consistency. In relation to the facial muscles of the face, in comparison with the muscles of the body, these membranes are so transparent and thin that, from the point of view of classical anatomy, it is believed that the facial muscles do not have fascia. In any case, the surface of each muscle fiber on the face has a denser structure than its interior. These connective tissue membranes are woven into the structure of the entire fascial system of the body (through aponeuroses).

It is the contractions of the facial muscles that give our face a variety of expressions, as a result of which the facial skin shifts and our face takes on one expression or another.

Muscles of the cranial vault

A large percentage of the muscles of the cranial vault are complex in structure supracranial muscle, which covers the main part of the skull and has a rather complex muscle structure. The epicranial muscle consists of tendon And muscular parts, while the muscular part, in turn, is represented by the entire muscle structure. The tendon part is formed from connective tissue, so it is very strong and virtually non-stretchable. There is a tendon part in order to maximally stretch the muscle part in the areas of its attachment to the bones.

Schematically, epicranial muscle can be represented as the following diagram:

The tendon part is very extensive and is otherwise called the tendon helmet or supracranial aponeurosis. The muscular part consists of three separate muscle bellies:
1) frontal abdomen located under the skin in the forehead area. This muscle consists of vertically running bundles that begin above the frontal tubercles, and, heading down, are woven into the skin of the forehead at the level of the brow ridges.

2) occipital abdomen formed by short muscle bundles. These muscle bundles originate in the region of the highest nuchal line, then rise upward and are woven into the posterior sections of the tendon helmet. In some sources, the frontal and occipital abdomen are combined into fronto-occipital muscle.

Figure 1. Frontal, occipital abdomen. Tendon helmet.

3) lateral abdomen is located on the lateral surface of the skull and is poorly developed, being a remnant of the ear muscles. It is divided into three small muscles suitable for the front of the ear:

Lateral abdomen:

• Anterior auricularis moves the auricle forward and upward.
• Superior auricular muscle moves the auricle upward, tightens the tendon helmet. A bundle of fibers of the superior auricular muscle, which intertwined in a tendon helmet, called temporoparietal muscle . The anterior and superior muscles are covered by the temporal fascia, so their depiction in anatomy textbooks is often difficult to find.
• Posterior auricular muscles A pulls the ear back.

Figure 2. Lateral belly: anterior, superior, posterior auricular muscles

Muscles of the eye circumference

The muscles of the eye circumference consist of three main muscles: corrugator muscleproud muscles and the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Corrugator muscle, starts from the frontal bone above the lacrimal bone, then goes up and attaches to the skin of the eyebrows. The action of the muscle is to bring the eyebrows to the midline, forming vertical folds in the area of ​​the bridge of the nose.

Figure 3. Corrugator muscle.

Muscle of the proud (pyramidalis muscle)- originates from the nasal bone on the back of the nose and attaches at the other end to the skin. During contraction of the procerus muscle, transverse folds are formed at the root of the nose.

Figure 4. Proud Muscle

The orbicularis oculi muscle is divided into three parts:

• Orbital, which starts from the frontal process of the maxilla, and follows along the upper and lower edges of the orbit, forming a ring consisting of muscle;
• Century-old– it is a continuation of the circular muscle and is located under the skin of the eyelid; has two parts - upper and lower. They begin at the medial ligament of the eyelids - the upper and lower edges and go to the lateral corner of the eye, where they attach to the lateral (side) ligament of the eyelids.
• tearful– starting from the posterior crest of the lacrimal bone, it is divided into 2 parts. They cover the lacrimal sac in front and behind and are lost among the muscle bundles of the peripheral part. The peripheral part of this part narrows the palpebral fissure and also smoothes the transverse folds of the skin of the forehead; the inner part closes the palpebral fissure; the lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac.

Figure 5. Orbicularis oculi muscle

Orbicularis oris muscle

The orbicularis oris muscle has the appearance of a flat muscle plate, in which two layers are distinguished - superficial and deep. The muscle bundles are very tightly fused with the skin. The muscle fibers of the deep layer run radially towards the center of the mouth.

Figure 6. Orbicularis oris muscle

The superficial layer consists of two arcuate bundles surrounding the border of the lips and repeatedly intertwined with other muscles approaching the oral fissure. That is, in the corners of our mouth, in addition to the fibers of the circular muscles of the lip themselves, the muscle fibers of the triangular and buccal muscles are also woven. This is very important for understanding the biomechanics of aging of the lower part of the face in the section “Spasms of facial muscles”.

The main function of the orbicularis oris muscle is to narrow the oral cavity and extend the lips.

Muscular system of the nose

The muscular system of the nose is formed by the following muscles - the nasal muscle, the muscle that lowers the septum of the nose, the muscle that elevates the upper lip and the wing of the nose.

Nasalis muscle It is represented by a transverse and wing part, which perform different functions.

A) Outer or transverse part, goes around the wing of the nose, widens somewhat and at the midline passes into a tendon, which connects here with the tendon of the muscle of the same name on the opposite side. The transverse part narrows the openings of the nostrils. Let's look at the picture:

b) The inner, or wing part, attaches to the posterior end of the cartilage of the nasal wing. The wing part lowers the wing of the nose.>

Figure 7. Transverse and alar parts of the nasal muscle.

Depressor septum muscle, most often included in the alar part of the nose. This muscle lowers the nasal septum and lowers the middle of the upper lip. Its bundles are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Figure 8. Depressor septum muscle.

Levator labii and ala nasi muscle plays a significant role in the formation of nasal folds in a team with the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum. It starts from the upper jaw and is attached to the skin of the wing of the nose and upper lip.

Figure 10. Muscle that lifts the upper lip and ala nasi.

Cheek muscles

In the cheekbone area there are the zygomatic minor and major muscles, the main function of which is to move the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, forming a smile. Like all facial muscles, both zygomatic muscles have a hard point of upper attachment - the zygomatic bone. At the other end they are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and the orbicularis oris muscle.

Zygomatic minor muscle starts from the buccal surface of the zygomatic bone and is attached to the thickness of the nasolabial fold. By contracting, it raises the corner of the mouth and changes the shape of the nasolabial fold itself, although this change is not as strong as when the zygomatic major muscle contracts.

Figure 11. Zygomatic minor muscle

Zygomatic major muscle is the main muscle of laughter. It is attached simultaneously to both the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch. The zygomaticus major muscle pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, greatly deepening the nasolabial fold. Moreover, this muscle is involved in every movement in which a person needs to lift the upper lip and pull it to the side.

Figure 12. Zygomaticus major muscle

Buccal muscle

The buccal muscle is quadrangular in shape and is the muscular basis of our cheeks. It is located symmetrically on both sides of the face. Contracting, the buccal muscle pulls the corners of the mouth back and presses the lips and cheeks to the teeth. Another name for this muscle is the “trumpet player’s muscle,” which rightly appeared because the muscles of the cheeks influence the compaction and focus of the air stream in musicians playing wind instruments.

The buccal muscle originates from the upper and lower jaws and is woven with another, narrower end into the muscles surrounding the oral cavity. The surface of the buccal muscle on the side of the oral cavity is covered with a thick layer of fatty and connective tissue.

Figure 13. Buccal muscle

Depressor anguli oris muscle (triangular muscle)

The depressor anguli oris muscle is located below the corners of the mouth. In shape, it forms a small muscle triangle, which determined its second name - Triangular muscle. The wide base of the triangular muscle begins at the edge of the lower jaw, and the apex is woven into the orbicularis oris muscle.
The action of this muscle is exactly the opposite of the action of the zygomatic muscles. While the zygomatic muscles raise the corners of the mouth to create a smile, the triangular muscle lowers the corner of the mouth and the skin of the nasolabial fold. This is how an expression of contempt and displeasure is formed.

FAMILY MUSCLES

According to the location (topography), the facial muscles (facial muscles) are divided into the muscles of the cranial vault; muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure; muscles surrounding the nasal openings (nostrils); the muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth and the muscles of the auricle (Table 19; Fig. 154, 155).

Rice. 154. Muscles of the head and neck; right view.

1 - tendon helmet; 2 - frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 3 - orbicularis oculi muscle; 4 - muscle that lifts the upper lip; 5 - zygomatic minor muscle; 6 - orbicularis oris muscle; 7 - zygomaticus major muscle; 8 - muscle that lowers the lower lip; 9 - muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth; 10 - muscle of laughter; 11 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck; 12 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 13 - trapezius muscle; 14 - posterior ear muscle; 15 - occipital belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 16 - superior auricular muscle.

Rice. 155. Facial muscles; front view. (On the left side, part of the muscles has been removed.)

1 - tendon helmet; 2 - frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 3 - muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow; 4 - muscle that lifts the upper lip; 5 - muscle that lifts the angle of the mouth; 6 - buccal muscle; 7 - chewing muscle; 8 - muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth; 9 - mental muscle; 10 - muscle that lowers the lower lip; 11 - orbicularis oris muscle; 12 - muscle of laughter; 13 - zygomatic minor muscle; 14 - zygomaticus major muscle; 15 - circular muscle of the eye; 16 - muscle of the proud.

Muscles of the cranial vault

The cranial vault is covered with a single muscular-anoneurotic formation - the epicranial muscle (m.epicrdnius), in which the following parts are distinguished: 1) the occipitofrontal muscle; 2) tendon helmet (supracranial aponeurosis); 3) temporoparietal muscle.

Occipitofrontal muscle (m.occipitofrontalis) covers the arch from the eyebrows in front to the highest nuchal line in the back. This muscle has frontal abdomen(venter frontalis) and occipital abdomen(venter occipitalis), connected to each other by a wide tendon-aponeurosis, called tendon helmet(galea aponeurotica, s. aponeurosis epicranialis), which occupies an intermediate position and covers the parietal region of the head.

Occipital abdomen divided into symmetrical parts by a well-defined fibrous plate occupying the middle position. This abdomen begins with tendon bundles at the highest nuchal line and at the base of the mastoid process of the temporal bone, goes upward and passes into the tendon helmet.

Frontal abdomen more developed, it is also divided by a fibrous plate running along the midline into two quadrangular parts, which are located on the sides of the midline of the forehead. Unlike the posterior abdomen, the muscle bundles of the frontal abdomen are not attached to the bones of the skull, but are woven into the skin of the eyebrows. The frontal abdomen at the level of the border of the scalp (anterior to the coronal suture) also passes into the tendon helmet.

Tendon helmet It is a flat fibrous plate that occupies most of the cranial vault. Vertically oriented connective tissue bundles connect the tendon helmet to the skin of the scalp. Between the tendon helmet and the underlying periosteum of the calvarium there is a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue. Therefore, when the occipitofrontal muscle contracts, the scalp, together with the tendon helmet, moves freely over the cranial vault.

Temporoparietal muscle (m.temporoparietalis) is located on the lateral surface of the skull, poorly developed. Its bundles begin in front on the inner side of the cartilage of the auricle and, fan-shaped, are attached to the lateral part of the tendon helmet. This muscle in humans is a remnant of the ear muscles of mammals. The action of this muscle is not expressed.

Function: the occipital belly of the occipitofrontal muscle pulls the scalp back, creating support for the frontal belly. When the frontal belly of this muscle contracts, the skin of the forehead is pulled upward, transverse folds form on the forehead, and the eyebrows rise. The frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle is also an antagonist of the muscles that narrow the palpebral fissure. This abdomen pulls the skin of the forehead and along with it the skin of the eyebrows upward, which at the same time gives the face an expression of surprise.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal and supraorbital arteries.

Muscle of the proud (m.procerus) begins on the outer surface of the nasal bone, its bundles extend upward and end in the skin of the forehead; some of them are intertwined with fascicles of the frontal abdomen.

Function: When the procerus muscle contracts, transverse grooves and folds are formed at the root of the nose. By pulling the skin downward, the procerus muscle, as an antagonist of the frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle, helps straighten the transverse folds on the forehead.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: angular, anterior ethmoidal artery. ,

Corrugator muscle (m.corrugator supercilii), begins on the medial segment of the brow ridge, passes upward and laterally, and attaches to the skin of the corresponding eyebrow. Some of the bundles of this muscle are intertwined with the bundles of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Function: pulls the skin of the forehead down and medially, as a result of which two vertical folds are formed above the root of the nose.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: angular, supraorbital, superficial temporal arteries.

Muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure

The palpebral fissure is surrounded by bundles of the orbicularis oculi muscle, which has several parts.

Orbicularis oculi muscle (m.orbicularis oculi) is flat, occupies the periphery of the orbital circumference, is located in the thickness of the eyelids, and partially extends into the temporal region. The lower muscle bundles continue into the cheek area. The muscle consists of 3 parts: the secular, orbital and lacrimal.

Century piece(pars palpebralis) is represented by a thin layer of muscle bundles that begin on the medial ligament of the eyelid and adjacent areas of the medial wall of the orbit. The muscle bundles of the eyelid part pass along the anterior surface of the cartilages of the upper and lower eyelids to the lateral corner of the eye; here the fibers intertwine, forming the lateral suture of the eyelid. Some of the fibers are attached to the periosteum of the lateral wall of the orbit.

Orbital part(pars orbitalis) is much thicker and wider than the secular one. It begins on the nasal part of the frontal bone, on the frontal process of the maxilla and the medial ligament of the eyelid. The bundles of this muscle extend outward to the lateral wall of the orbit, where the upper and lower parts continue into each other. The fascicles of the frontal abdomen and the occipitofrontal muscle and the corrugator brow muscle are woven into the upper part.

Lacrimal part(pars lacrimalis) begins on the lacrimal crest and the adjacent part of the lateral surface of the lacrimal bone. The fibers of the lacrimal part pass in a lateral direction behind the lacrimal sac and are woven into the wall of this sac and into the secular part of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Function: The orbicularis oculi muscle is a sphincter of the palpebral fissure. The eyelid part closes the eyelids. When the orbital part contracts, folds form on the skin in the orbital area. The largest number of fan-shaped folds is observed from the outer corner of the eye. The same part of the muscle moves the eyebrow down, while simultaneously pulling the skin of the cheek up. The lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac, thereby regulating the outflow of tear fluid through the nasolacrimal duct.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: facial, superficial temporal, supraorbital and infraorbital arteries.

Muscles surrounding the nasal openings

In the area of ​​the nasal openings there are several small, poorly developed muscles that expand or narrow these openings. These are the nasal muscle and the depressor septum muscle.

Nasalis muscle (m.nasalis) consists of two parts: transverse and alar.

Transverse part(pars transversa) begins on the upper jaw, slightly above and lateral to the upper incisors. The bundles of this part of the muscle follow upward and medially, continuing into a thin aponeurosis, which spreads across the cartilaginous part of the back of the nose and passes into the muscle of the same name on the opposite side.

Function: narrows the opening of the nostrils.

Wing part(pars alaris) begins on the upper jaw below and medial to the transverse part and is woven into the skin of the wing of the nose.

Function: pulls the wing of the nose down and laterally, widening the opening of the nose (nostrils).

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior labial and angular arteries.

Depressor septum muscle (m.depressor septi nasi) is often part of the alar part of the nasal muscle. The bundles of this muscle begin above the medial incisor of the upper jaw and are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Function: pulls the nasal septum down.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior labial artery.

Muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth

There are several well-defined muscles around the opening of the mouth. These muscles include the orbicularis oris, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis and buccal muscles, levator labii superioris, zygomatic minor and major, levator anguli oris, and the laughter muscle.

Orbicularis oris muscle (m.orbicularis oris) forms the muscular basis of the upper and lower lips. This muscle consists of the marginal and labial parts, the bundles of which do not have the same orientation.

Edge part(pars marginalis) is the peripheral, wider section of the muscle. This part is formed by muscle bundles that approach the upper and lower lips from other facial muscles closest to the oral opening. The marginal part is formed by bundles of the buccal muscle; muscle that lifts the upper lip; the levator anguli oris muscle; muscle that lowers the lower lip; muscle that depresses the anguli oris, etc.

Labial part(pars labialis) lies in the thickness of the upper and lower lips. Bundles of muscle fibers extend from one corner of the mouth to the other.

Both parts (marginal and labial) of the upper and lower lips are woven into the skin and mucous membrane, and also connect with each other in the area of ​​​​the corners of the mouth and pass from the lower lip to the upper and vice versa.

Function: the orbicularis oris muscle narrows, closes the oral fissure, and is involved in the act of sucking and chewing.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior and inferior labial and mental arteries.

Depressor anguli oris muscle (m.depressor anguli oris), begins at the base of the lower jaw, between the chin and the level of the first small molar. The fibers of this muscle, converging, pass upward and attach to the skin of the corner of the mouth. At the origin of the depressor anguli oris muscle, some of its bundles are intertwined with the bundles of the subcutaneous muscle of the neck.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth downward and laterally.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply:

Depressor labii muscle (m.depressor labii inferioris), begins at the base of the lower jaw, below the mental foramen. Partially covered by the depressor anguli oris muscle. The bundles of the muscle that depresses the lower lip pass upward and medially and are attached to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip.

Function: pulls the lower lip down and somewhat laterally, acting together with the muscle of the same name on the opposite side, it can turn the lip outward; participates in the formation of expressions of irony, sadness, and disgust.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: inferior labial and mental arteries.

Mentalis muscle (m.mentalis) is represented by a cone-shaped bundle of muscle fibers that begin on the alveolar elevations of the lateral and medial incisors of the lower jaw, pass down and medially, connect with the fibers of the muscle of the same name on the opposite side and are attached to the skin of the chin.

Function: pulls the skin of the chin upward and laterally (dimples appear on the skin); promotes protrusion of the lower lip forward.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: inferior labial and mental arteries.

Buccal muscle (m.buccinator) thin, quadrangular in shape, forms the muscular base of the cheek. It begins on an oblique line on the ramus of the lower jaw and the outer surface of the alveolar arch of the upper jaw at the level of the large molars, as well as on the anterior edge of the pterygomandibular suture, which passes between the lower jaw and the pterygoid hook. The muscle bundles are directed to the corner of the mouth, partially intersect and continue into the thickness of the muscular base of the upper and lower lips. At the level of the upper molar, the muscle is pierced by the parotid duct (duct of the parotid salivary gland).

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth back; presses his cheek to his teeth.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: buccal artery.

Levator labii muscle (m. levator labii superioris), begins on the entire infraorbital edge of the upper jaw. The muscle bundles converge downwards and are woven into the thickness of the corner of the mouth and into the wing of the nose.

Function: raises the upper lip; participates in the formation of the nasolabial groove, extending from the lateral side of the nose to the upper lip; pulls the wing of the nose upward.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital and superior labial arteries.

Zygomatic minor muscle (m.zygomaticus minor) begins on the zygomatic bone at the lateral edge of the muscle that lifts the upper lip. The bundles of the zygomatic minor muscle pass down medially and are woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth.

Function: raises the corner of the mouth.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply:

Zygomatic major muscle (m.zygomaticus major) begins on the zygomatic bone, attaches to the corner of the mouth.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, is the main muscle of laughter.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital and buccal arteries.

Levator anguli oris muscle (m.levator anguli oris), begins on the anterior surface of the upper jaw in the area of ​​the canine fossa; attached to the corner of the mouth.

Function: pulls the angle of the upper lip upward and laterally.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital artery.

Laughter muscle (m.risorius) begins on the masticatory fascia, goes forward and medially, attaches to the skin of the corner of the mouth. Usually weakly expressed, often absent.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth laterally, forming a dimple on the cheek.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: facial artery, transverse cervical artery.

Muscles of the auricle

The muscles of the auricle in humans are poorly developed. Very rarely, the ability to move the auricle is detected, which is combined with simultaneous contraction of the occipitofrontal muscle. There are anterior, superior and posterior auricular muscles.

Anterior auricularis (m.auricularis anterior) in the form of a thin bundle begins on the temporal fascia and tendon helmet. Directing backward and downward, it is attached to the skin of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle forward.

Superior auricular muscle (m. auricularis superior) begins with weakly defined bundles on the tendon helmet above the auricle; attaches to the upper surface of the cartilage of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle upward.

Posterior auricular muscle (m.auricularis posterior) is better developed than other ear muscles. It begins in two bundles on the mastoid process, moves forward and attaches to the posterior convex surface of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle posteriorly.

Innervation of the ear muscles: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superficial temporal artery - anterior and superior muscles; posterior auricular artery - posterior muscle.