And they were then cancelled. Voting was held to include this sport in the program of the 2012 Summer Games, but then this proposal was rejected. Golf was then included in the list of candidates for inclusion in the program after 112 years at the 2016 Summer Olympics and was accepted at the IOC session in Copenhagen on October 9, 2009 by a vote of 63 to 27 (along with golf, rugby sevens was included in the program of the Rio Games) .
Competitions
Medal standings
| Total number of medals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Place | A country | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 | |
| 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
Countries
see also
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Notes
Links
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Excerpt describing Golf at the Olympic Games
I knew Venice, naturally, only from photographs and paintings, but now this wonderful city seemed a little different - completely real and much more colorful... Truly alive.– I was born there. And I considered it a great honor. – Isidora’s voice began to gurgle in a quiet stream. – We lived in a huge palazzo (that’s what we called the most expensive houses), in the very heart of the city, since my family was very rich.
The windows of my room faced east, and below they looked directly at the canal. And I really loved meeting the dawn, watching how the first rays of the sun lit up golden reflections on the water covered with morning fog...
The sleepy gondoliers lazily began their daily “circular” journey, waiting for early customers. The city was usually still asleep, and only inquisitive and successful merchants were always the first to open their stalls. I really loved coming to them when there was no one on the streets yet, and the main square was not filled with people. I especially often ran to the “scribes” who knew me very well and always saved something “special” for me. I was only ten years old at that time, about the same as you are now... Right?
I just nodded, enchanted by the beauty of her voice, not wanting to interrupt the story, which was like a quiet, dreamy melody...
– Already at the age of ten I could do a lot... I could fly, walk through the air, treat people suffering from the most serious illnesses, see what was coming. My mother taught me everything she knew...
- How to fly?!. Fly in a physical body?!. Like a bird? – Stella blurted out, unable to bear it.
I was very sorry that she interrupted this magically flowing narrative!.. But kind, emotional Stella apparently was not able to calmly withstand such stunning news...
Isidora only smiled brightly at her... and we saw another, but even more stunning, picture...
In a marvelous marble hall, a fragile black-haired girl was spinning... With the ease of a fairy fairy, she danced some kind of bizarre dance that only she understood, at times suddenly jumping up a little and... hovering in the air. And then, having made an intricate feast and smoothly flown several steps, she came back again, and everything began from the beginning... It was so amazing and so beautiful that Stella and I took our breath away!..
And Isidora just smiled sweetly and calmly continued her interrupted story.
– My mother was a hereditary Sage. She was born in Florence - a proud, free city... in which there was only as much of its famous “freedom” as the Medici, although fabulously rich, but (unfortunately!) not omnipotent, hated by the church, could protect it. And my poor mother, like her predecessors, had to hide her Gift, since she came from a very rich and very influential family, in which it was more than undesirable to “shine” with such knowledge. Therefore, she, just like her mother, grandmother and great-grandmother, had to hide her amazing “talents” from prying eyes and ears (and more often than not, even from friends!), otherwise, if the fathers of her future suitors found out about it, she would remain unmarried forever, which in her family would be considered the greatest disgrace. Mom was very strong, a truly gifted healer. And while still very young, she secretly treated almost the entire city for ailments, including the great Medici, who preferred her to their famous Greek doctors. However, very soon the “glory” about my mother’s “stormy successes” reached the ears of her father, my grandfather, who, of course, did not have a very positive attitude towards this kind of “underground” activity. And they tried to get my poor mother married as soon as possible, in order to wash away the “brewing shame” of her entire frightened family...
Golf (from English) golf) is a men's Olympic sport in which individuals or teams try to hit a small ball with sticks into special holes. What is important is that the ball needs to be rolled into the hole in fewer strokes.
History of the origin and development of golf
The exact date of the origin of golf is not known, but it is believed that it was invented by Scottish shepherds who tried to roll stones into rabbit holes with their staffs. Although many historians disagree with this, it is believed that golf originated in the Roman Empire and the game was played with bent sticks and a ball stuffed with feathers. According to other theories, golf appeared in China during the reign of the Ming Dynasty, as evidenced by a scroll depicting an emperor trying to drive the ball into a hole with something similar to a club.
However, modern golf originates from Scotland. The first mention of the game is considered to be the 1457 decree of King James II of Scotland banning golf, as it distracted archers from training. The rules and system with 18 holes on the field were also invented there.
In 1900, golf was first included in the Olympic Games program in Paris (France).
Rules of golf (briefly)
Before starting the game you need to do the following:
- Read local game rules.
- Place an identification mark on the ball. This is necessary so that you can identify your ball among the others. If the ball cannot be identified, it is considered lost.
- Check the number of clubs, you are allowed to have no more than 14 pieces.
The game of golf begins with the starting zone, or as it is also called the tee zone. It is so named because of the T-shaped stand on which the ball is placed. Ideally, the player should send the ball into the main zone with the first hit, then overcome it in a few strokes and send the ball to an area with ideal grass (“green”). In order to roll the ball into the hole from the green, you need to use a special club - a putter.
In addition to the standard rules, there are rules of etiquette in golf:
- Refrain from playing until the group in front has moved away to a safe distance.
- Never delay the game. Clear the putting green immediately after all players in your group have completed the hole.
- Pass ahead of groups that play faster than you.
- Restore your turf.
- Level out tracks in bunkers.
- Don't stand in the other partner's putting line
- Do not bring clubs onto the putting green.
- Insert the flag into place carefully.
Golf course
A golf course must meet a number of requirements, namely, consist of a series of holes, each of the holes must have its own starting area. There are two marks on the starting area that indicate the acceptable boundaries of the area for placing a ball peg. In addition to the starting area, the field contains: a smooth field, an uneven field and other obstacles.
The final part of the site is the hole, which is marked with a flag for ease of orientation. The hole is placed on an area of minimum height grass called the green. In other areas, the height of the grass fluctuates, this is done in order to make it difficult for players to pass the area.
As a rule, the holes are located in the line of sight from the starting area to the green. But this does not always happen; if the holes deviate to the left or to the right, then such holes are called “left dogleg” and “right dogleg”, respectively. If the direction bends twice, then the hole is usually called a “double dogleg”.
The courses consist of 18 holes, but there are courses with 9 holes, in this situation they are played twice, which in total amounts to the same 18 holes.
Golf equipment
Let's start our review of golf equipment with clubs. A player can take no more than 14 clubs with him to a game, each of them is designed to perform a specific shot. Golf clubs are divided into two types:
- “Wood” (woods) - clubs designed to make shots at maximum distances, as a rule, these are the first shots. They are called “wood” (from English “tree”) because of the wooden head, although modern woods are made from metal alloys based on titanium.
- “Iron” (irons) are clubs designed to make shots at different distances, depending on the position of the ball. The clubs are called this because their heads are made of metal.
In addition to the material, the clubs differ in the shape of the heads. So, for short distance shots and high trajectories, “pitching wedge” clubs are used; the angle of inclination of such clubs is 50-60 degrees. If the shot needs to be made from a bunker with sand, then a sand wedge club is suitable for this; it has a heavier sole and a special shape. For finishing shots, players use a putter called a “putter”, it is designed specifically for hitting on a flat surface with great accuracy.
In the "wood" and "iron" groups, clubs are numbered based on the angle between the shaft and the face of the head. The lower the number, the longer the potential impact trajectory. The difference in the length of strokes with the clubs of neighboring numbers is about 10 meters.
Another important piece of golf equipment is balls. They must have the following characteristics:
- diameter not less than 4.27 cm,
- weight within 41-46 grams,
- the surface of the ball should have 300-500 dimples (the more dimples, the higher the ball flies),
When considering golf balls, it is worth mentioning the “compression” indicator. In simple terms, compression is the level of deformation of the ball upon impact. Its conditional value varies from 0 (the ball is strongly deformed upon impact) to 200 (the ball is not deformed upon impact). Most balls have 80-100 compression (compress 2-3mm upon impact).
According to the internal structure, balls can consist of one, two, three or more layers-components. Due to their low cost, single-layer balls are ideal for training beginners.
Double-layer balls consist of a hard core and a thin, hard shell. They combine low cost, durability and range, making them suitable for most golfers.
Three-ply balls have an elastic thread wound over an elastic or gel-like core. Such balls can be very twisted, sometimes this is very beneficial for athletes.
"SE Internet" begins a series of publications devoted to the basics and history of the new Olympic sport - golf.
Golf is a popular sport all over the world in which the player, using various types of clubs, must hit the ball into the hole using the least number of strokes. And so 18 times.
Golf is one of the few sports in which the main opponent of any player is not his opponent, but himself and what surrounds him.
Golf is one of the few ball games that does not require a standard tee. On the contrary, golf is played on courses, each of which has an original design. The only mandatory requirement is the presence of 9 or 18 holes. A hole is called both the hole itself in the ground where the ball is rolled, and a specially prepared area several hundred meters long, and consisting of a starting area - tee, a main area - fairway and a green area with with a hole cut into it. These zones are distinguished from each other by the presence of obstacles - tall grass (rough), flowers, bushes, trees, sand bunkers and water barriers.
At the start of the game, a ball with the player's identification mark is placed on the starting tee. Golfers often use a wooden or metal support for comfort. From the tee, the player must hit the fairway, drive the ball along it with a few shots (depending on the type of site) and end up on the green - an area with perfect grass on which the ball rolls without interference. In order to hit the ball into the hole from the green, a special type of club is used - the putter.
Most golf courses are about 5.5 kilometers long. It usually takes three to four hours to play 18 holes. Players move around the field on foot or in electric cars. Golfers compete alone, in pairs or in groups. Sometimes they are accompanied by caddies - assistants who carry equipment and can give advice to players.
Rules of golf
The main principle of the game of golf is: "Play the ball as it lies, play the course as it is, if neither one nor the other is possible, do what is fair."
The game of golf is governed by a fairly large number of rules, but, again, unlike most other sports, it does not require the presence of a judge or referee (unless, of course, it is an official tournament). Players must know the rules themselves, be honest about the number of strokes and “play the ball as it falls.”
An important component of the game of golf is etiquette - a carefully guarded tradition that has not undergone virtually any changes throughout the history of the game. First of all, these are good manners, respectful attitude towards partners and opponents, maintaining order in the fields.
Golf Score
In the major games of golf, the score is calculated from the number of strokes a player makes plus any penalty that may be imposed on him. If you complete 18 holes in 90 strokes and your opponent completes 92, you win.
The system for scoring and assessing the level of golfers is based on a pair. Par is a predetermined number of strokes in which a high-level golfer must complete one hole or the entire course if he plays well.
The par for each hole is determined based on its length and difficulty. A standard par-3 hole is less than 250 yards (225 meters) long, a par-4 is a hole from 251 to 475 yards (225 - 434 meters), and a par-5 is over 475 yards. Par-6 and par-7 holes are rare but found mostly in the USA. Their length can exceed 650 yards (595 meters). The degree of slope can also affect the steam level of a hole. If the path from the tee to the green goes down, the par may be lower than the length of the hole suggests; if it goes up, then vice versa. Par can also be affected by the placement of obstacles and the shape of the green.
A golf course par is the sum of the pars for each hole. Typically the course has a par of 70 to 72 strokes, but most golfers rarely achieve this figure. The most common on golf courses is a combination of four par-3 holes, ten par-4 holes and four par-5 holes. Other combinations also exist, but they are less common.
If you complete a par-4 hole in five strokes, your score will be +1. In golf this is called "gods". If you manage, for example, to overcome a par-5 hole in four strokes, you will receive a “-1” or “birdie”. If a player hits the hole with his first tee shot, this is called a hole-in-one or an ace.
Golf Score Terminology:
Basic types of golf
There are two main types of golf - a counting game, in which the number of strokes on the entire field performed by each player is counted, and a match game, when the confrontation on a single hole of players or teams is considered as an independent match, and the score is kept depending on the victories won. holes.
In stroke play, a score is kept for each player on each hole. The scores for each hole are added up to form the overall tournament or round score (the round scores are also added up to form the overall tournament score). The player who spends the fewest hits is the winner. It is according to this scheme that most professional tournaments are held.
In match play, golfers or teams play a mini-match on each hole. The player or team using the fewest strokes on a hole wins that hole. In this case, the score relative to steam does not matter. In this case, you do not play against the field, as in a score game, but directly against your opponent. If you complete the hole in four strokes and your opponent completes it in five, you win the hole and lead the match 1:0. If your opponent wins the next hole, the score is equal - all-square. If both players complete the hole in the same number of strokes, the hole is "split" and the total score remains the same. If a player wins more holes than are left on the course, he is declared the winner and the match ends.
There are also such types of games as stableford, designed to speed up the game (points are awarded to the player depending on the number of strokes on each hole), skins (players compete on each individual hole for money or for a bet), force (a team game in which a couple a couple plays with one ball and the partners themselves decide who will make the next shot), fourballs (a pair also plays against a pair, but each golfer has his own ball, and all four play the hole at the same time; the result of the participant who uses the fewest number of strokes counts towards the match ).
At 7:30 this morning, golf's 112-year pause in the Olympic Games ended. Let us remember that the last time golfers competed for Olympic medals was in 1904 in St. Louis.
Of course, golf has gone through a long path of changes and improvements over the years. And in inventory. And in the design and maintenance of fields. And in the Rules.
By the way, the changes in the Rules are not that drastic. Much of the stuff about hitting the ball, taking a playing stance, and solving problems with obstacles came to the Rio Olympics virtually unchanged from the days of St. Louis. And just as advice was banned in 1904, it is still banned now. Overall, it's surprising how much of the Rule Book has remained unchanged over the years. Of course, if we talk about principles, and not about formulations.
Significant changes to the Rules affected the field. For example, in 1904, the green was the portion of land within 20 yards of the hole, excluding hazards. And the very concept of “obstacle” had a slightly different meaning back then.
In those days, an obstacle was defined as “any banker, water (except accidental), sand, paths, railway tracks, thorny thickets, bushes, ground dug up by rabbits, hedge or ditch. Those. not just a banker or a water hazard, as it is now.
Of course, modern Olympians are unlikely to have to eliminate the influence of railroad tracks. However, around the field there are many areas called "native", which are sandy areas. These places are not bankers in the modern sense, although in 1904 these were barriers of “clean water”.
There are, however, some things that make the game easier for modern Olympians. For example, today, when making a long putt, a player may ask to hold the flag. This was prohibited in 1904! Moreover, if a player's ball was on the green (i.e., within 20 yards of the flag), then he was prohibited from playing until the flag was removed from the hole. A violation was punishable by one penalty stroke.
A complex field (and no one would dare call the field in Rio simple) always implies the possibility that the ball will end up in an unplayable position.
Modern “golf olympians” can choose three options in such a situation (Rule 28): repeat the shot from the previous place, drop the ball along the flag-ball line at any distance behind, or drop the ball within two clubs, no closer to the hole. In 1904 they could only go back along the line from the flag. And it cost them not one penalty (as now), but two! There was, however, one relief - the ball could be placed on the tee. I can imagine what advantages this could give to modern players!
Modern Rules are more severe against those who send their ball out of bounds. Such a player receives a penalty of “loss of stroke and distance.” Those. he must repeat the kick from the previous place and score himself an additional penalty. In St. Louis, the only thing the player lost was distance. He was not entitled to an additional penalty.
In 1904 the situation with playing with the wrong ball was also easier. If a player discovered that he had played someone else's ball, he simply had to return to his own ball and play it. No fine was imposed. For modern players, this costs two penalties.
From the above, one could conclude that in the last Olympics it was much easier for the players. However, let us give an example that refutes this. In Rio, if a player hits a shot from outside the tee, he will receive two penalties and will have to correct his mistake immediately. It seems like too harsh a punishment for a mistake in placing the ball of a few centimeters! However, in St. Louis, the same mistake was punishable by immediate and unconditional disqualification!
These are the differences that have accumulated over the 112 years of waiting for the Olympic golf tournament. The rule that has remained unchanged over the years is that the winner in the counting game is the one who spends the least number of strokes to complete the tournament rounds. And we look forward to stepping onto the Olympic podium after a 112-year break.
Based on materials from randa.org
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