Football
Football (from English foot - foot, ball - ball) -
a team sport in which the goal is to kick the ball into the opponent's goal with the feet or other parts of the body (except the hands) more times than the opposing team. Currently the most popular and widespread sport in the world.History of football
Early varieties of football
Ball games were played in many countries. In China, this variety was called Zhu-Ke. In ancient Sparta the game was called "Episkiros", and in Ancient Rome "Harpastum". Somewhere in modern times, games were held in the Bryansk lands, the equipment of which was a leather ball the size of a human head, stuffed with feathers. These competitions were called “shalyga” and “kila”. Around the 14th century, the Italians invented the game "Calcio". It was they who brought this game to the British Isles.
First rules
In the 19th century, football in England gained popularity comparable to cricket. It was played primarily in colleges. But in some colleges, the rules allowed dribbling and passing the ball with one's hands, while in others, on the contrary, it was prohibited. The first attempt to create uniform rules was made in 1846, when representatives of several colleges met. They established the first set of rules. In 1855, the first specialized football club, Sheffield, was founded. In 1863, after long negotiations, a set of rules for the Football Association of England was adopted. The dimensions of the field and goal were also adopted. And in 1871, the FA Cup was founded - the oldest football tournament in the world. In 1891, the penalty rule was adopted. But at first the penalty was taken not from the point, but from the line, which, just like now, was located 11 meters from the goal.
Rules of the game
There are 17 official rules of the game, each of which contains a list of stipulations and guidelines. These rules are intended to apply at all levels of football, although there are some changes for groups such as juniors, seniors, women and people with disabilities. Laws are very often formulated in general terms, which make their application easier depending on the nature of the game. The rules of the game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Rules for unofficial competitions may reduce the number of players to a maximum of 7. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play with their hands provided they do so within the penalty area of their own goal. Although there are various positions on the field, these positions are not mandatory.
A separate football game is called a match, which in turn consists of two halves of 45 minutes. The pause between the first and second halves is 15 minutes, during which the teams rest, and at the end of it they change goals.
The goal of the game is to score the ball into the opponent's goal, do this as many times as possible and try to prevent a goal from being scored into your own goal. The match is won by the team that scores the most goals.
If the teams score the same number of goals during two halves, then either a draw is recorded or the winner is determined in accordance with the established regulations of the match. In this case, additional time may be assigned - two more halves of 15 minutes each. As a rule, teams are given a break between the main and extra time of the match. Between extra periods, teams are given only time to change sides. At one time in football there was a rule according to which the winner was the team that scored a goal first (the “golden goal” rule) or won at the end of any of the extra periods (the “silver goal” rule). At the moment, extra time is either not played at all or played in full (2 halves of 15 minutes each). If it is not possible to identify a winner during extra time, a series of post-match penalties are carried out, which are not part of the match: five shots are taken at the opponent’s goal from a distance of 11 meters by different players. If the number of penalties scored by both teams is equal, then one pair of penalties will be taken until a winner is determined.
LLC Training Center
"PROFESSIONAL"
Abstract on the discipline:
“Theory and methodology of teaching basic types of physical education and sports activities”
On this topic:
“Football as a sport, the history of the development of football”
Executor:
Pinzhina Oksana Ivanovna
Moscow 2017
Content
Introduction…………………………………………………………….page 3
History of the emergence and development of football……………………….page 4
Popular ball games……………………………………………………………...page 6
Development of football……………………………………………………..page 10
Conclusion……………………………………………………………page 14
References……………………………………………………page 14
Introduction
Football is the most accessible and, therefore, mass means of physical development and health promotion for the general population. About 4 million people play football in Russia. This truly folk game is popular among adults, youth and children.
Football is a truly athletic game. It promotes the development of speed, agility, endurance, strength and jumping ability. In the game, a football player performs extremely high-stress work, which helps to increase the level of a person’s functional capabilities and develops moral and volitional qualities. Varied and large-scale motor activity against the background of growing fatigue requires the manifestation of volitional qualities necessary to maintain high gaming activity.
The game of football is based on the struggle between two teams, whose players are united by a common goal - victory. The desire to achieve victory accustoms football players to collective action, to mutual assistance, and fosters a sense of friendship and camaraderie. During a football match, each player has the opportunity to demonstrate his personal qualities, but at the same time, the game requires the subordination of the personal aspirations of each player to a common goal.
Since football training and competitions take place almost all year round, in a variety of, often sharply changing, climatic and meteorological conditions, this game also contributes to physical hardening, increasing the body's resistance and expanding adaptive capabilities.
In training for other sports, football (or individual exercises from football) is often used as an additional sport. This is due to the fact that football, due to its special impact on the physical development of an athlete, can contribute to successful training in a chosen sports specialization. Playing football can serve as a good means of general physical training. Varied running with changes in directions, various jumps, a wealth of body movements of the most varied structure, strikes, stopping and dribbling the ball, the manifestation of maximum speed of movements, the development of volitional qualities, tactical thinking - all this allows us to consider football a sports game that improves many valuable qualities, necessary for an athlete of any specialty.
Emotional characteristics make it possible to use the game of football or ball handling exercises as a means of active recreation.
The “geography” of Soviet football is vast and varied. There are football teams in polar Murmansk and sultry Ashgabat, green picturesque Uzhgorod and harsh Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka.
We have football teams created in voluntary sports societies, in factories and factories, on collective and state farms, in higher educational institutions and schools. There are more than 1,000 specialized football departments of Youth Sports Schools and 57 Sports and Youth Sports Schools, 126 training groups under teams of masters in the country. Several times more boys participate in mass competitions of the Leather Ball club. The mass character of football is the key to the continuous growth of sportsmanship.
Football competitions are an important means of mass involvement of workers in systematic physical education.
football athlete competition physical
The history of football
The most popular game of our time - football - was born in England. The Englishman was the first to kick the ball. However, the priority of the British is challenged by a number of countries, primarily Italy, France, China, Japan, and Mexico. This "intercontinental" dispute has a long history. The parties support their claims with references to historical documents, archaeological finds, and statements of famous people of the past.
To establish who hit the ball first, you first need to know when and where it appeared. Archaeologists say that the human leather companion is very old. His oldest image, dating back to 2500 BC, was discovered on the island of Samothrace. e. One of the earliest images of the ball, various moments of the game, was found on the walls of the tombs of Benny Hassan in Egypt.
Descriptions of the games of the ancient Egyptians have not been preserved. But much more is known about the predecessors of football on the Asian continent. Ancient Chinese sources dating back to 2697 BC talk about a game similar to football. They called it "zu-nu" ("zu" - push with the foot, "nu" - ball). The holidays are described, during which two selected teams delighted the eyes of the Chinese emperor and his entourage. Later, in 2674 BC, "zu-nu" became part of military training. Matches were played in limited areas, with bamboo goals without a top crossbar, and leather balls stuffed with hair or feathers. Each team had six gates and the same number of goalkeepers. Over time, the number of gates decreased. Since the game set a goal to cultivate the will and determination of warriors. Losers were still severely punished.
Later, during the Han era (206 BC - 220 AD), there was a football game in China, the rules of which were peculiar. Walls were installed on the front sides of the playing field; six holes were cut into them on each side. The team's task was to score the ball into any of the holes in the opposing team's wall. Each team had six goalkeepers defending these “gates”.
Around the same time, a game similar to football, kemari, appeared in the country of Yamato, also known as Japan, which at that time was under strong political and cultural influence from China. The game was of a religious nature, being an element of magnificent palace ceremonies, and became most widespread among the noble families of the country in the 6th century. n. e. Matches between the two teams were held on the square in front of the emperor's palace. The four corners of the playing field were marked by trees, which symbolized the four cardinal directions. The game was preceded by a procession of priests who carried a ball, which was kept permanently in one of the Shinto shrines. The players were distinguished by special kimonos and special shoes, since one of the features of “kemari” was that the ball was constantly thrown up with a kick, preventing it from falling to the ground. The goal of the competition was to score the ball into a goal that resembled the current one. It is not known how long the game lasted, but the fact that its scope was limited by certain regulations was beyond doubt: an indispensable attribute of the competition was an hourglass. Interestingly, two Japanese clubs still play in Kemari. But this takes place during major religious holidays in a special field, not far from one of the monasteries.
Meanwhile, the ball continued its journey around the globe. In Ancient Greece, truly, “all ages were submissive to the ball.” The balls were different: some were sewn from colored rags and stuffed with hair, others were filled with air, others were filled with feathers, and, finally, the heaviest ones were filled with sand.
Popular ball games.
The game with a large ball, “episkyros,” was also popular. It was in many ways reminiscent of modern football. The players were located on both sides of the midline of the field. At the signal, the opponents tried to kick the ball between two lines drawn on the ground (they replaced the goal). The team that achieved success was awarded a point. Another common game among the Hellenes was “feninda”. The goal of the game was to get the ball over the end line of the field in the opponent's half. Aristophanes mentions these competitions. The famous playwright of Ancient Hellas Antiphanes (388 - 311 BC) can be called the first football reporter. The very nature of the “report” gives an idea of the high intensity of sports passions. Not only the writers of Hellas, but also ancient Greek sculptors paid tribute to the foot ball. Several bas-reliefs telling about sports games have survived to this day.
Another type of similar games in Ancient Greece was “Harpanon”. This game can be considered a distant predecessor of football and rugby. Before the start of the competition, the ball was taken to the center of the field, and the opposing teams simultaneously rushed there in order to capture it. The team that managed to do this went on the offensive towards the opponent's line, that is, towards a kind of in-goal field that exists in modern rugby. You could carry the ball in your hands and kick it with your feet. But it was not easy to get ahead with him. There were continuous brutal fights on the field.
Equally uncompromising was the favorite game of the inhabitants of Ancient Sparta - “espiciros”, which was of a military-applied nature. Its essence was that two teams threw the ball with their hands and feet over the field line, to the side defended by the opponents. The restriction of the game by certain rules was indicated by the mandatory presence of a referee on the field. The game was so popular that in the 6th - 5th centuries. BC. Even girls played it.
From Greece it is very close to Rome, and the Hellenes “passed” the soccer ball to the ancient Romans. For a long time, the Romans were influenced by the rich Hellenic culture and, naturally, adopted many sports games.
Another, most common game among the Romans was “harpastum”. She was of a very cruel nature. Two teams, positioned opposite each other, tried to carry a small, heavy ball across the line, which was located behind the opponents’ shoulders. At the same time, it was allowed to pass the ball with feet and hands, knock the player down, and take the ball in any way. The passion for "harpastum" was strongly encouraged by the Roman nobility, led by Julius Caesar. It was believed that in this way the physical perfection of soldiers was achieved, strength and mobility appeared - qualities so necessary in military operations, which were constantly carried out by the Roman Empire.
Over time, they began to use a large leather ball, made from ox or boar skins and stuffed with straw, for competitions. It was only possible to pass it with your feet. The place where the ball had to be kicked also changed. If at first it was an ordinary line drawn on the site, now a goal without a top crossbar was installed on it. The ball had to be scored into the goal, for which the team was awarded a point. Thus, “harpastum” acquired more and more features of the current football.
To this day, in England there is a legend about the defeat of the Roman legionnaires in a game of foot ball, which was inflicted on them in 217 near the city of Derby by the indigenous inhabitants of the islands, the Britons and Celts. 800 years later, Albion was enslaved by the Danes. Cnut I the Great defeated England on the battlefield, but his warriors often left the football fields defeated.
The word “football” appears for the first time in an English military chronicle, the author of which compares the passion for this game with an epidemic. In addition to "football", kicking ball games were called "la sul" and "chul" depending on the region in which they were practiced.
English medieval football was very primitive. It was necessary to attack the enemy, take possession of the leather ball and break through with it towards the opponent’s “gate”. The gates served as the border of the village, and in cities most often the gates of large buildings.
Football matches were usually timed to coincide with religious holidays. Interestingly, women took part in them. Games were also held during holidays dedicated to the god of fertility. A round ball made of leather, which was later filled with feathers, was a symbol of the sun. Being an object of cult, it was kept in a place of honor in the house and was supposed to guarantee success in all everyday affairs.
Since football was common among the poor, the privileged class treated it with disdain. This, of course, explains why we know so little about the rules of the game and the number of matches of that time.
As already mentioned, the word “football” was first found in written sources dating back to the reign of the English king Henry II (1154 - 1189). A detailed description of medieval football comes down briefly to the following: on Maslenitsa, boys went out of town to play ball. The game was played without any rules. The ball was thrown upward in the center of the field. Both teams rushed towards him and tried to score into the goal. Sometimes the goal of the game was to put the ball into the goal... of one's own team. Adults also liked the game. They gathered in the market square. The mayor of the city tossed the ball, and the fight began. Not only men, but also women competed for the ball. After honoring the player who managed to score the year, the game resumed with even greater excitement. Tripping an opponent and giving him a blow was not considered reprehensible. On the contrary, this was seen as a manifestation of dexterity and skill. In the heat of battle, players often knocked down passers-by. Every now and then the sound of breaking glass was heard. Prudent residents covered their windows with shutters and bolted their doors. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the 14th century the game was repeatedly banned by city authorities, was anathematized by the church, and brought the disfavor of many rulers of England upon itself. Feudal lords, churchmen, and merchants vied with each other to demand that the English king stop “demonic zeal,” “an invention of the devil,” as they called football. On April 13, 1314, King Edward II prohibited "madness with a large ball" on the streets of London, as "dangerous to passers-by and buildings."
However, the magical power turned out to be stronger than the formidable royal edict.
Games began to be held in vacant lots outside the city. Team members tried to drive the ball into a pre-marked place - an area similar to the current penalty area. The bone of contention was a semblance of a modern ball, made of rabbit or sheep skin and stuffed with rags.
And yet, the passion for football captured more and more people. The game began to be mentioned more often in historical chronicles. Due to the brutal nature of the competition, Richard II issued another restrictive “football edict” in 1389, which, in part, stated: “Disturbing people playing in the streets create great chaos, injure each other, break glass in the house with their balls.” and cause great losses to the residents."
Football development.
The best times for football players came only in the 17th century, when Elizabeth I lifted the ban on football in 1603. Despite this, the highest clergy and city authorities opposed the game of football. This situation existed in many cities. And although the games often ended in fines and even imprisonment of participants, nevertheless, football was played not only in the capital, but also in any, even the most remote corner of the country.
The further development of football in the British Isles was unstoppable. Hundreds, thousands of teams have sprung up in cities, towns, villages, schools, and colleges. The time was rapidly approaching when this chaotic movement turned into an organized one - the first rules, the first clubs, the first championships appeared. There was a final division between supporters of playing with hands and feet. In 1863, supporters of the game “only with legs” separated and created the autonomous “Football Association”.
Italians are also proud of their football past. They consider themselves, if not the founders of the game, then, in any case, its longtime admirers. Proof of this is the numerous entries in historical chronicles about ball games with which the ancient ancestors of the Italians amused themselves. The name of the game comes from the name of the special shoes worn by the players of "harpastum" - "calceus". The root of this word is preserved in the current name of football - “calcio”.
A detailed description of Italian medieval “football” was compiled by a Florentine historian of the 16th century. Silvio Piccolomini. Heralds announced the upcoming competition. A week before the competition, they informed the residents of Florence the names of the players. The game was accompanied by the thunder of orchestras. In Piccolomini you can find a statement of the rules of “ghinaccio a calcio”, which, naturally, are very different from the current football ones. There were no gates; instead, they had huge nets that were placed on both sides of the field. The goal counted even if it was scored not with a foot, but with a hand. A team whose players did not hit the net, but shot wide, was punished: they were deprived of previously scored points. The judges were literally on top of their game. They did not move around the field, but sat on a raised platform. Their actions were monitored by an authoritative commission that could eliminate incompetent referees.
The day of the first match, February 17, has been celebrated in Florence every year since 1530. The holiday today is accompanied by a meeting of football players dressed in medieval costumes. The game "guinaccio a calcio" was popular not only in Florence, but also in Bologna.
Games reminiscent of football have been widespread in Mexico since ancient times. The Spaniards, who first entered Central Mexico, inhabited by the powerful Aztec tribe, saw here a ball game, which the Aztecs called “tlachtli.”
The Spaniards looked at the rubber ball game with surprise. European balls were round in shape, made of leather, and stuffed with straw, rags or hair. In Spanish, ball games are still called "pelota", from the word "pelo" - hair. The Indians' balls were larger and heavier, but they bounced higher.
It is difficult to say when the Indians started playing ball. However, records on the stone disks of the stadiums indicate that one and a half thousand years ago they were passionate fans of the tlachtli.
Among the Mayan tribes, the place of competition was a platform (about 75 feet), laid with stone slabs and framed on two sides by brick benches, and on the other two by an inclined or vertical wall. Carved stone blocks of various shapes served as markers on the field. The game involved two teams of 3-11 players each. The ball was a massive rubber ball weighing from 2 to 4 kg. The teams ran onto the field in formation. The players' knees, elbows and shoulders were wrapped in cotton fabric and specially made cane films. There was a ceremonial uniform in which the players performed worship and made sacrifices to the gods: on the head was a helmet richly decorated with feathers; The face, except for the cutout for the eyes, is closed.
The Indian players prepared more than just their suits for the match. First of all, they prepared themselves. A few days before the competition, they began the ritual of sacrifice, and also fumigated their suit and balls with the smoke of sacred resin.
Although the Mayan game had many secular features (for example, spectators were present), at its core it was cultic and ritual. The most terrible thing was that the game was accompanied by human sacrifices.
Very little time passed, and reports of the tlachtli flew to the capitals of other European powers. Soon rubber balls brought from the New World appeared, and gradually everyone got used to them.
In the late 60s, clay figurines depicting ball players were found near the capital of Mexico. They date back to approximately 800-500 BC. BC.
Ball games among the American Indians were not limited to tlachtli. “Pok-ta-pok” was no less popular. The game was played by two teams, two against two or three against three. Almost every tribe used ball games not only in religious rituals, but also to strengthen the body and spirit.
But perhaps the most original was the Iroquois game called “high ball.” The Indians competed, moving across the field on high stilts. The ball could be thrown not only with a racket, but also with your head. The number of heads was usually limited to three or five.
Conclusion.
All mentioned ball games are described in historical chronicles or confirmed by archaeological finds. This gives reason to temperamental Mexicans to claim that football was popular on the Latin American continent long before the first Englishman kicked the ball.
Literature
1.http://shkolazhizni.ru/archive/0/n-4929/
2.Football encyclopedia / Author-comp. A. Smirnov. - M.: Veche, LLC "Firm" Publishing House AST, 1999. - 192c.
Football. Textbook for physical institutes. Edited by P.N. Kazakov. M., "Physical education and sport", 1978.
Barsuk O.L., Kudreiko A.I. Pages of the football chronicle. - Mn.: Polymya, 1987 - 160 p.
Football is a very popular modern game, which is played by many millions of young people, and even more follow the progress of their favorite teams to the heights of champion glory. If you try to delve into history and dig out where the origins of this unique sport come from, then it is not possible to give an unambiguous answer to this.
Archaeologists from all over the world find evidence in various parts of our planet that even in ancient times, the progenitor of the modern soccer ball, made of animal skin or a bladder and filled with air, served as an instrument for various games in China, Europe, Australia, America, Africa . True, it has not yet been possible to find any official evidence about how long our ancestors have been fond of this sport.
History of Football Development
It is important to note that until a certain time, ball games did not have single rules. Each football team created its own rules. Sometimes, when there was a competitive match between two or more teams, the players simply agreed on the rules that should be followed during the game, and in order for everything to go fairly, special judges and arbitrators were selected. They tried to create something similar to the modern rules of playing football in England in 1847. Initially, a set of such rules began to be used by private English football clubs, but it soon became popular among ordinary village players. Very soon, the idea of introducing uniform rules of the game and training athletes specifically for them was supported by most of the clubs with titles at that time, and it began to be actively promoted not only in England, but also far beyond its borders. An important stage in the development of modern football was its separation from rugby in 1870. From this moment on, football clubs begin to play according to the rules that have survived to this day. Now in every country at least several reputable elite clubs have been formed that compete to be the best. Modern football is played by children, teenagers, adults and even women. Championships between schools, regions, countries, clubs have become quite commonplace.
And today, when it comes to football, there is no need to talk about what it is and how to play it. Even in these days of technological progress, when computer games occupy almost all the free time of teenagers, the street game of football remains one of the most interesting and popular. And a modern school without a stadium adapted for playing football is simply considered insufficient.
Of course, the general rules of the game are carefully written and detailed. But if we talk about them briefly, then two teams, usually eleven players each, compete on the field. You need to play by passing the leather ball with your feet to the players of your team so that you ultimately roll it into the opponent’s goal. The one who scores more goals is considered the winner. It is clear that in order to get results, it is necessary to demonstrate the most well-coordinated teamwork, and in some cases, individual skill.
However, you can play football simply to get together, get a little psychological release, increase the level of adrenaline in the blood and train “stagnant” muscles.
Football (from the English words foot - leg, ball - ball) is a team sport, the goal of which is to score as many balls as possible into the opponent's goal with your feet or other parts of the body, but not with your hands.
The history of football began a very long time ago. For example, in Egypt, Germany, and China there were games similar to football. The most successful of them was called harpastum, and it was invented by the Italians. But when modern football appeared, harpastum was forgotten. It is believed that the founders of football were the British. The date of birth of this game is considered to be 1863, when the first Football Association was organized and rules similar to modern ones were drawn up. When the British invented football, they immediately began to popularize it in all countries, including Russia.
Rules of the game of football
The football game is called MATCH. It consists of two halves of 45 minutes. The pause between the first and second halves is 15 minutes, during which the teams rest, and at the end of it they change goals. Football is played on a field with grass or synthetic surface. The game involves two teams, each with 11 people. One person on the team, the GOALKEEPER, can play with his hands in the penalty area near his goal, his main task is to protect the goal. The rest of the players also have their own tasks and positions on the field. DEFENDERS They are located mainly in their own half of the field, their task is to counteract the attacking players of the opposing team.
MIDFIELDERS They operate in the middle of the field, their role is to help defenders or attackers, depending on the game situation.
FORWARDS located in the opponent's half of the field, their main task is to score goals. The match is won by the team that scores the most goals.
Football is a team game, so mutual understanding between players and the ability to conduct competent joint actions come first. If you have played football, then you know that it is very difficult to beat the entire opposing team and score a goal alone, but it is easier to do this with team actions.
The most important cup in football, which everyone dreams of winning, is WORLD CUP. The World Cup (World Championship) takes place once every four years. The current World Cup champion is the Spanish national team, which won the championship in 2010. The next World Cup will be held in Brazil in 2014, and in 2018, when you are already adults, the World Cup will be played in Russia.
As always, there are football players who delight us with their play and will to win. The Brazilian PELE is recognized as the king of football throughout the world. Our LEV YASHIN is considered the best goalkeeper of all time. Today, Argentinean LEONEL MESSI, who plays for the Spanish football club BARCELONA, is deservedly recognized as the best player in the world based on the results of 2011.
Some of the strongest football clubs are: REAL (Spain), CHELSEA (England), BARCELONA (Spain), ZENIT (Russia), BAVARIA (Germany), INTER (Italy), ARSENAL (England), MILAN (Italy), CSKA ( Russia).
If you play football, it means that you develop thinking, reaction, endurance, and courage.
Play football, love football, and you will succeed!
The goal of which is to score a leather ball directly into the opponent’s goal, using all parts of the body, excluding the hands. The team that scores more goals throughout the match wins.
For quite a long time, football has invariably been practically the most popular and widespread sport in the world. Before modern football, there was a game called harpastum, which was played in Egypt, Germany and Italy. But modern football was born only in 1863 in England, and since then it began to spread throughout the world.
Basic rules of football
A match is a football game that usually consists of two parts, so-called halves, each of which lasts 45 minutes. There is a break of 15 minutes between halves, after which the players change goals. The field on which players play football has grass and synthetic surfaces. A total of 22 players participate in the game, who are divided into 2 teams of 11 players. Only one player in one team has the right to touch the ball with his hands - the goalkeeper (but not throughout the entire field, but only in the penalty area). The following roles are also used in football: defenders, midfielders, forwards. The main task of the defenders is to put pressure on the opponents, to take the ball away from the opponent, preventing him from scoring a goal against his own team. Midfielders typically play in the center of the field and can either provide coverage for defenders or assist strikers, depending on the situation or the coach's instructions. The attackers, in turn, are mainly located in the opponent’s half of the field in order to be as close as possible to the opponent’s goal to score a goal.
If the main time of the match (90 minutes) does not determine the winner, then, depending on the regulations, either a draw is declared, or additional time is assigned - two small halves, each lasting 15 minutes. However, if between extra and main time the players are given time to rest, then between the halves of extra time, according to the rules, time is only given to change the goal. If the winner is not determined and two additional short periods are not determined, then penalties of 5 shots from each team are taken. If, based on the results of these kicks, the sum of goals scored is equal, then one kick is taken from each team until the winner is determined. It can also be noted that until recently there was a rule of “Golden Goal” (the team that scores first in extra periods) and “Silver Goal” (the team that wins at the end of one of the extra periods).
Football in the world
In 2001, FIFA (an abbreviation of the Federation of International Football Associations) announced a list of countries in the world that play football the most:
1). USA - 18 million (7.2 million women)
2). Indonesia - 10 million;
3). Mexico - 7.4 million;
4). China - 7.2 million;
5). Brazil - 7 million;
6). Germany - 6.2 million;
7). Bangladesh - 5.2 million;
8). Italy - 4 million;
9). Russia - 3.8 million;
Tactics
Well-executed tactics are the key to victory. The better the tactics, the better the mutual understanding between the players. In modern football, the most common tactic is 4-4-2 (four defenders, four midfielders and two strikers). But, of course, every coach can “design” his own tactics and the players must adapt to it (an example is Andrey Shevchenko, who after moving to Dynamo Kyiv acts as a midfielder).
Types of football
Basically, there are the following types of football: the most exotic type of football is the so-called “footdoubleball”, that is, playing with two balls at the same time, then swamp football (playing in a swamp), yard football, beach football (football on the sand), also futsal (mini-football). football), freestyle football (feints). Due to the fact that the popularity of modern football is very, very high, there are many different games similar to football in the world.